|Aͻͻ
|A |6Personal Calc|A  ^1Menu Documentation |Aͺ |6Personal Calc|A 
|Aͼͼ
^Cby
^CDoug Harrison

 Menu Documentation 
 ================== 
 
 This section discusses Personal Calc commands.  For more information on 
 selecting commands, see the Getting Started file.  If you're just starting 
 out, you may want to simply press F1 to bring up the menu bar, then use the 
 cursor keys to highlight the command you want.  Shortcuts are available for 
 many commands, and these are listed on the pull-down menus and in the Personal 
 Calc Menu Reference Sheet file. 
 
 File 
 ----

 The File Commands let you save and retrieve worksheets. 
 
 File New 

 File New erases the current worksheet from memory and the restores default 
 worksheet settings.  If the worksheet has been altered somehow, you will first 
 be asked whether or not you wish to save it.  If you don't save your work at 
 this point or cancel the operation, it will be lost forever, so be careful! 
 
 File Open 

 File Open loads a worksheet from disk, erasing the current worksheet (Personal 
 Calc supports editing only one worksheet at a time).  As with File New, you 
 will have a chance to save the current worksheet if it has changed since the 
 last save or has never been saved.  Use the File Selector dialog box to move 
 around the DOS drive/directory system and to select the file you wish to open. 
 
 File Open is for loading PCW files (native Personal Calc files with the 
 extension, PCW); to load a Lotus 123 file, see File Import/Export below, and 
 for complete details, see Lotus 123 Files and Personal Calc at the end of this 
 file. 
 
 File Save 

 File Save saves the current worksheet to disk, under the name with which it 
 was loaded, without presenting the File Selector.  You may overwrite the 
 existing file, or automatically rename the previous version with a BAK 
 extension.  If the worksheet is brand new and has not been previously saved, 
 File Save functions like File Save As. 
 
 File Save As 

 File Save As displays the File Selector and lets you save the current 
 worksheet under a different name (or give it a name if it has not been saved 
 previously). 
 
 File Merge 

 File Merge loads a range of cells from a worksheet on disk created with the 
 File Save Range command.  File Merge neither clears the current worksheet nor 
 alters the worksheet configuration settings.  File Merge pulls in the range of 
 cells from the worksheet file, beginning at the location of the cell pointer 
 in the current worksheet (overwriting this area of the current worksheet).  
 Cell references in formulas are adjusted as if the range had been moved from 
 its location in the original worksheet to its location in the current one. 
 
 File Save Range 

 File Save Range saves a range of cells to a disk file without saving the 
 worksheet defaults, printer settings, and so forth.  Only the cell information 
 is saved.  Use the File Merge function to retrieve a file saved using File 
 Save Range. 
 
 File Import/Export 

 File Import/Export's sub-menu lets you load or save a file formatted according 
 to the Lotus 123 Release 1 (WKS) or 2 (WK1) specification.  In general PC 
 provides adequate conversion and from these formats, but there are some 
 limitations which are described in detail in the Lotus 1-2-3 Files and 
 Personal Calc section at the end of this file. 
 
 File Print 

 File Print displays the Print dialog box for entering printing options (enter 
 printer control codes with the Options Printer command). 
 
 PC allows two title lines, which will be printed on the first page, and header 
 and footer lines, which are printed on each page.  These lines use the 
 following system of control codes: 
 
 Code     Action 
 ----     ------
 &l       Left-justify what follows 
 &c       Center what follows 
 &r       Right-justify what follows 
 &d       Current Date 
 &t       Current Time 
 &f       File name 
 &p       Page number 
 &&       Print 
 '&' 
 
 For example, a header such as "&lp. &p&c&f&r&d, which PC will expand to 
 something like the following: 
 
 p. 1                            filename                           1/1/90. 
 
 You may also specify if PC should print row numbers and column names, display 
 formulas as text or values, use condensed print, and print in Draft or Final 
 print.  (Some features will only work if you correctly set the control codes 
 using Options Printer). 
 
 To change the print margins, select the Set Margins button in the File Print 
 dialog box.  The Set Margins dialog box lets you set left, right, top, and 
 bottom margins and lines per page.  Most printers use 66 lines/page (although 
 some laser printers use 60, with a mandatory 3-line top and bottom margin).  
 The left and right margins define the number of characters of white space on 
 either side of the page (at 10 cpi, 1/2 inch would be 5 characters), while the 
 top and bottom margins control the number of lines of white space separating 
 the worksheet data from the page borders (at 6 lpi, 1/2 inch would be 3 
 lines). 
 
 You must specify a range to be printed.  If you selected a range before 
 invoking File Print, that range specification will appear in the "Range" 
 editable field.  Otherwise, the range containing all the spreadsheet data 
 appears in this field.  You may enter a named range, if you prefer. 
 
 File Save as Text 

 File Save as Text essentially prints a worksheet to a disk file, which you may 
 print from the DOS command line or load into a word processor.  All of the 
 File Print options are available except Draft vs. Final. 
 
 File DOS Shell 

 If there is enough free memory, File DOS Shell invokes a copy of COMMAND.COM, 
 so that you may use the DOS command line without permanently leaving PC.  (It 
 is still a good idea to save your work before invoking File DOS Shell, just in 
 case.)  Type EXIT at the DOS prompt to return to PC with your worksheet 
 intact.  PC first searches for COMMAND.COM using the SHELL and then the PATH 
 environmental variables (see the DOS manual for details). 
 
 File Quit 

 File Quit exits Personal Calc, returning you to DOS.  PC will ask if you want 
 to cancel or save if the current worksheet has changed since the last save. 
 
 Edit 
 ----

 The Edit commands let you rearrange cells on the worksheet.  The commands are 
 all range-oriented, and if no range is already selected, PC considers the 
 active cell a one-cell range. 
 
 Edit Copy 

 Edit Copy copies ranges from one location to another.  Select the source range 
 to copy, enter Copy mode, select the destination range for pasting (in most 
 cases, simply move the cell pointer to the upper-left corner of the 
 destination), and press Enter (or choose Edit Paste).   
 
 Since PC remains in Copy mode after pasting the range, you can copy the range 
 to several locations.  You may also make several copies of the source range to 
 a single destination range (if the numbers of rows and columns for the 
 destination are even multiples of those for the source).  PC displays the 
 sizes of both ranges in the cell reference area. 
 
 To exit Copy mode, press Esc. 
 
 Edit Cut 

 Edit Cut is similar to Edit Copy, but Edit Cut is for moving a range.  In Cut 
 mode, and as with Copy mode, you move the cell pointer to the upper-left 
 corner of the destination range and press Enter (or choose Edit Paste) to 
 complete the operation.  Edit Cut only allows one Paste, and no multiple 
 copies within a destination.  
 
 Edit Paste 

 Edit Paste completes Edit Copy and Cut, and is only available in Cut or Copy 
 mode.  Pressing Enter is the same as selecting Edit Paste. 
 
 Adjusting Cell References 

 Whenever you copy or move a range containing formulas, or move a range that 
 contains cells that are referenced by formulas, it is necessary for PC to make 
 certain adjustments to cell references.  For example, you may have 10 cells in 
 column B that refer to the cells immediately to their left.  So in cell B1, 
 you enter =A1+1.  Instead of entering this formula manually in cells B2-B10, 
 you would place the cell pointer in cell B1, choose Edit Copy, select the 
 range B2:B10 (or B1:B10), and choose Edit Paste.  PC would copy the formula in 
 B1 through the range, such that B2 would contain =A2+1, B3 would contain 
 =A3+1, and so on.  This saves time and reduces errors. 
 
 When you move a range, it is often desirable for cell references to point to 
 the same cells after the move.  Cells outside the source range referring to 
 cells inside the source must be adjusted to refer to the destination range.  
 Conversely, cells inside the source range that refer to cells outside the 
 source range should continue to point to those cells; they should not be 
 adjusted as with Edit Copy.  
 
 Absolute and partially-absolute cell and range references defeat these rules 
 for copy operations only, since there is no distinction between relative and 
 absolute cell addressing for move operations. 
 
 Edit Insert 

 Edit Insert inserts rows and columns into the worksheet, shifting cells either 
 down or right, respectively.  Edit Insert assumes partial insertion, which is 
 a major difference which 1-2-3 users should note; you may insert whole rows 
 and columns or confine the insertion to a certain range of cells.  
 
 To insert one row of cells at row 10 limited to columns B-E, select the range 
 B10:E10, then choose Edit Insert, and select Shift Cells Down.  To have 
 inserted two rows over the same range, you would have extended the range to 
 B10:E11.  Inserting columns is like inserting rows, except that column widths 
 are appropriately adjusted. 
 
 The ability to partially Edit Insert is important to understand, since many 
 spreadsheet programs do not provide partial operation; they limit insertions 
 to entire rows and columns.  If you are used to this limitation, remember that 
 with Personal Calc you must extend the selection to encompass the entire row 
 or column to insert whole rows or columns (use Ctrl-Space and Shift-Space).  
 
 PC will not allow you to shift cells containing data beyond the worksheet 
 borders; this protects against data loss.  For example, if cell A999 contains 
 a value, PC will not allow insertion of a row in column A. 
 
 Edit Delete 

 Edit Delete is similar to Edit Insert.  It deletes the cells involved in the 
 selection, shifting the remaining cells up or to the left. 
 
 Since both Edit Insert and Edit Delete are really range move operations, cell 
 references are adjusted as described above for range moves. 
 
 Format 
 ------

 The Format Menu options control the appearance of the worksheet and cells.  
 These options all operate on a worksheet range, and if no range is selected, 
 they consider the active cell a one-cell range.  Except for Column Width and 
 global operations, these functions allocate memory for empty cells within the 
 range.  Thus, the size of the range you can format is limited by available 
 memory.  To make a global change in the worksheet format (changing the default 
 format), select the entire worksheet with Ctrl-Shift-Space.  This is a special 
 case; no new cells will be created; only existing cells will have their 
 formats altered. 
 
 Format Column Width 

 Columns widths range from 2 to 72 characters.  Enter the desired width into 
 the editable field and select OK. 
 
 Format Justification 

 Format Justification displays a submenu allowing you to choose among left, 
 center, and right justification for text cells.  Numeric and formula cells may 
 only be right-justified and are not affected by this function.  Cells which 
 are left-justified may "spill over" into adjacent cells to the right 
 (providing they are empty).  If a centered or right-justified cell contains 
 text longer than the column width, the text display will appear truncated at 
 the cell margin.  
 
 Format Number 

 Format Number invokes a submenu from which you choose formats for numeric and 
 formula cells. 
 
 General format displays numbers in integer form unless there is a fractional 
 portion, in which case it eliminates trailing zeros.  General format uses 
 scientific notation when necessary, and if a number still will not fit in the 
 display area of the cell, PC will fill the cell with pound signs (#).  (In 
 fact, PC displays pound signs whenever the number will not display properly in 
 the selected number or date/time format.) 
 
 All number formats other than General let you set the Precision (the number of 
 digits to follow the decimal point).  For all number formats other than 
 General, holding the Shift key as you exit the menu with Enter will invoke the 
 Precision dialog box (otherwise, if you want to alter the precision, you have 
 to invoke the Precision function separately). 
 
 Number formats other than General round to the specified precision, but use 
 the full 14-digits of precision for calculations.  Only General format 
 suppresses trailing zeros.  All formats, including General and Date/Time, 
 append a blank space to the number, and numbers and formulas may only be 
 right-justified.  
 
 Fixed format lets you specify between 0 and 14 digits to follow the decimal 
 point.  For example, Fixed 4 displays 0 as 0.0000 (always four digits 
 following the decimal point). 
 
 Scientific format is like Fixed, except that numbers are displayed in 
 scientific notation (as a number between 0 and 10, and a power of ten).  For 
 example, Scientific 3 would show 123456 as 1.235E+005.  
 
 Currency format displays commas separating thousands, prefixes a dollar sign, 
 and displays negative numbers in parentheses. 
 
 Comma format is identical to the Currency format, except that it omits the 
 dollar sign. 
 
 Percent format multiplies the number by 100 for display purposes only and 
 appends a percent character.  Thus, a cell containing .1 would display as 10%; 
 as expected, .1 would be used in calculations. 
 
 Format Date/Time 

 PC provides nine Date/Time formats, which are intended to display the serial 
 numbers used by the date/time functions.  Format Date/Time invokes a submenu 
 showing the formats.  The symbols used are as follows: 
 
 Symbol      Meaning 
 d           day number 
 m           month number 
 mmm         month abbreviation 
 yy          last two digits of year 
 h           hour 
 mm          minutes 
 ss          seconds 
 A/P,AM/PM   When used, am/pm notation.  Otherwise military time is used. 
 
 Format Precision 

 Format Precision lets you specify between 0 and 14 digits to follow the 
 decimal point (for display purposes only) for all number formats except 
 General.  See Format Number for more on this function. 
 
 Format Hide 

 Format Hide lets you hide cells from view and unhide cells which are hidden.  
 Although hidden cells aren't displayed in the worksheet, their contents appear 
 in the formula bar and may be edited as with unhidden cells. 
 
 Format Protect 

 Format Protect lets you protect cells from being edited; functions like Edit 
 Paste that would affect protected cells, will only execute after PC has 
 informed you and given you the option to cancel or proceed. 
 
 Range 
 -----

 Range Data Fill 

 Range Data Fill is useful for filling a range of cells with a series of 
 equally-incremented numbers, including dates.  First highlight a range 
 (remember to press Enter, if needed).  Select Range Data Fill (or Ctrl-F), 
 choose the fill direction (right or down), indicate the type (number or date 
 code), and if needed, mark the date unit (see below).  Enter the starting 
 value and the increment value; PC adds the increment to a running total (which 
 begins with the start value) and places these values in the cells.  
 
 For a date series, enter the starting date in "m/d/yy" format and an integer 
 increment.  Set the fill type to Date, and choose one of the Date Units:  Day, 
 Weekday, Month, or Year.  PC will then fill the range with a set of serial 
 date values.  For example, to fill a range with dates beginning 1/1/90 with 
 two-week intervals, enter 1/1/90 into the start field, 2 into the increment 
 field, select Date as the type, and Weekday as the Date Unit.  Select OK, and 
 PC will fill the range.  Use a date format to display the numbers as dates. 
 
 Range Sort 

 Use Range Sort to sort a range on a single key by rows or columns.  The key 
 cell indicates the row or column that will be used for comparisons.  Enter the 
 range (if you have not already), choose Ascending or Descending) and By Row or 
 By Column, the select OK to perform the sort.  Cell references are not 
 adjusted during sorting, and the worksheet is NOT recalculated, even if 
 Automatic is in effect (this is the only time you will see the "Calc" 
 indicator in Automatic mode).  Press F9 to recalculate the worksheet. 
 
 Range Define Name 

 PC lets you define up to one hundred named cell and range references.  You may 
 use these names in formulas, where they behave exactly like regular cell 
 references (including adjustment for copying/moving).  You may also enter them 
 into any dialog box field that requires a range specification.  Names may be 
 made up of alphanumeric characters and the underscore; they may not begin with 
 a number or be the same as function names or cell addresses.  
 
 To enter a name, select Range Define Name from the menu.  Next enter the text 
 of the name (for example, SALES_89) and enter the reference into the "Refers 
 to:" field.  The reference may be a single cell or a range, and may use 
 absolute reference notation (in fact, that is the default).  Select OK; if the 
 name and reference are valid, they disappear from the editable fields and 
 appear in the list.  From that point on, the formula bar uses the name for 
 references in formulas that match it. 
 
 Range Create List 

 Range Create List helps you document your worksheets.  It creates a two-column 
 vertical list at the cell pointer location (and in the column to the right), 
 showing range names and their references.  
 
 Range Goto 

 Use Range Goto to quickly move to any cell in the worksheet.  If names are 
 defined, you may select one from the scrollable list in the Range Goto dialog 
 box.  If you goto a range, then PC will select the range and place the cell 
 pointer in its upper left cell.  Select the Home button to return to cell A1. 
 
 Options 
 -------

 Options Calculate 

 This function recalculates the worksheet. 
 
 Options Automatic Calculation 

 This function toggles Automatic Calculation on and off. 
 
 Options Natural Order 

 This function toggles Natural Order calculation on and off.  When disabled, PC 
 uses row by row calculation. 
 
 Options Freeze Titles 

 This function makes it possible to keep row and column headers on the screen 
 while scrolling through a large spreadsheet.  You may freeze only the columns 
 at and above the cursor, only the rows at and above the cursor, or both.  To 
 freeze both, for example, place the cursor at the lower-left intersection of 
 the row and column headers (a row above and a column to the left of the upper-
 left of the data area) and press Ctrl-T (or Alt-O T), then B for both and 
 Enter to confirm.  
 
 Options Statistics 

 Options Statistics displays a dialog box containing several pieces of 
 important information:  the file name of the current worksheet (without the 
 extension), the number of allocated cells, number of cells of each class 
 (values, labels and formulas), the address of a circular cell reference (if 
 any, and only if Natural Order is enabled) and the amount of free memory.  
 Exit the dialog box by pressing Esc. 
 
 Options Printer 

 Options Printer displays a dialog box for entering printer control codes, the 
 number of characters per line in normal and condensed print, and the PC port 
 to which the printer is attached.  
 
 Refer to you printer manual for the control codes; enter them as decimal 
 numbers in the range 0-255 separated by commas.  Initialize is the string sent 
 to the printer before every print job; Draft turns on draft quality mode; 
 Final turns on final quality mode; and Condensed turns on condensed print 
 mode.  For condensed print to work properly, you must enter the correct number 
 of characters per line in the Chars/line Condensed field.  Make sure the value 
 for Normal print is correct as well.  After entering these values, you may 
 exit the dialog box by pressing OK and do some test printing.  Once you are 
 satisfied that everything's correct, you can save a file called PRINTER.INF by 
 choosing the Save button in the Options Printer dialog box.  PC will read this 
 file upon subsequent sessions, restoring these parameters to the values you 
 saved. 
 
 Options Worksheet 

 Options Worksheet lets you save your current configuration to a file called 
 PC.CFG, which PC reads file at startup.  PC uses this file to set the 
 configuration for the following:  calculation modes, printer titles, 
 header/footer, margins, draft/final, row/column headings, condensed print, 
 default format and justification, and default column width. 
 
 Help 
 ----

 The Help menu contains a variety of topics for online reference.  In order to 
 provide help, PC must be able to access the Help file, so make sure PC.HLP is 
 located in the same directory as PC.EXE.  Use PageUp and PageDown to view the 
 Help file. 
 
 Lotus 123 files and Personal Calc 
 ---------------------------------

 To load a 123 file, select File Import/Export.  A pop-up menu will appear.  
 Click on Load WKS/WK1 and choose a file with the file selector.  The process 
 of saving Lotus files is similar. 
 
 PC was never intended to be a Lotus 123 clone; therefore, not every Lotus 
 concept is supported.  Print ranges, sort ranges, regression ranges, and other 
 concepts have no parallels in PC, and are ignored when reading Lotus files.  
 PC does not include them when writing Lotus files, either. 
 
 Here's a list of what PC does support: 
 
 automatic recalculation flag, recalculation order mode (PC does not support 
 column by, column recalculation, so this is limited to natural and row by 
 row), named cell (123 Release 2 only) and range references, 123 window 1 
 definition (includes frozen rows/columns, cell pointer position, etc.  123's 
 second window isn't supported), column widths, default format, most 123 
 formats are converted into equivalent PC formats, cell protection and hiding, 
 blank, numeric, label, and formula cells, 123 macros are useless to PC; 
 however, they are just labels and will thus be imported and exported 
 without change. 
 
 When writing a Release 1 file, PC converts any single-cell named references to 
 equivalent range references, since 123 Release 1 only supports named ranges.  
 123 doesn't support absolute named references (at least in the actual 
 definition), so this attribute is lost when writing 123 files.  Also, when 
 recreating formulas for display, 123 matches named references to explicit 
 references, disregarding any absolute attributes of the explicit references.  
 PC takes this distinction seriously, so 123 named references may not match 
 formulas imported into PC.  (123 named reference ABCD = A1 does not match 
 $A1+1 when imported into PC).  This has no effect on formula evaluation, 
 moving cells, and so forth. 
 
 123 allows you to specify a range in which the first range endpoint points to 
 a cell above or to the left of the second one.  PC doesn't allow this, as it 
 can lead to very creative errors, so PC will reverse the endpoints of such 
 references.  This applies to formulas as well.  This has no effect on formula 
 evaluation. 
 
 PC is forgiving when translation errors occur; instead of crashing, it will 
 display an alert indicating the cell in which the error occurred, and you will 
 have the option to abort or continue.  Two errors are possible:  
 
    trying to load a cell outside PC's boundaries, and 
    formula translation error.  

 When PC is unable to load or save a 123 formula, the cell is converted to a 
 either a numeric or label cell whose value is the current formula value.  
 Labels are created for 123 Release 2 formulas returning string values.  The 
 actual formula information is lost.  String constants in 123 Release 2 
 formulas will always cause a translation error. 

 PC supports the following 123 functions: 

 All mathematical operators (+, -, <=, etc.) 123's ^ operator is converted to 
 PC's POW function @ROUND, @MOD, @ABS, @INT, @ROWS, @COLS @SQR, @EXP, @LN, @LOG 
 @SIN, @COS, @TAN, @ASIN, @ACOS, @ATAN, @ATAN2, @PI @SUM, @AVG, @VAR, @STD, 
 @COUNT, @MAX, @MIN, @RAND @IF, #AND#, #OR#, #NOT#, @TRUE, @FALSE, @ISNA, 
 @ISERR @NA, @ERR @VLOOKUP, @HLOOKUP, @INDEX, @CHOOSE @PV, @FV, @TERM, @PMT, 
 @RATE @DATE, @TIME, @YEAR, @MONTH, @DAY, @HOUR, @MINUTE, @SECOND, @TODAY, @NOW 
 When working with 123 files, you need to remember that some PC functions use a 
 different number of arguments, a different convention in sign or magnitude, or 
 the arguments occur in a different order.  In general, PC completely accounts 
 for these functions, but under some scenarios, there may be side effects: 
 
 #AND#, #OR# 123 uses these in expressions like A1<2#AND#A2>A1; PC would 
 convert this to AND(A1<2,A2>A1).  However, 1#AND#2#AND#3 would be converted to 
 AND(1,AND(2,3)).  The "inner AND" isn't necessary, and you might want to 
 change it by hand. 
 
 For safety's sake, PC will enclose the native AND and OR functions in 
 parentheses when writing a 123 file.  This is necessary because these are not 
 functions in 123; they are operators.  To appreciate the distinction, consider 
 the PC formula AND(1,2,3)+1.  Without placing #AND# in parentheses, it would 
 be translated to 1#AND#2#AND#3+1 in 123.  The last #AND# clause is 3+1, which 
 completely alters the meaning of the formula.  The proper translation is 
 (1#AND#2#AND#3)+1.  Also, AND(1,OR(2,3),4) will be correctly converted to 
 (1#AND#(2#OR#3)#AND#4). 
 
 Exponentiation 
 
 PC performs this task through the POW function, while 123 defines the ^^
 operator.  PC correctly converts functions such as POW(A1+2,A2+3) to 
 (A1+2)^^(A2+3).  However, 123 has a rather serious fault in that it assigns 
 the unary minus (negation) operator a lower precedence than the exponentiation 
 operator.  This means that the 123 function -2^^4 evaluates to -16; in other 
 words, the minus sign is not part of the number 2 but rather is an operation 
 to be applied to the expression 2^^4.  This is a particularly difficult 
 problem to completely account for; fortunately, it is limited to writing 123 
 files.  If you are using the minus sign to negate the first argument of POW, 
 and this argument is a number, enclose the minus sign and number in 
 parentheses.  That is, instead of writing POW(-2,4), write POW((-2),4).  PC 
 will place parentheses around the argument if it is an expression, such that 
 POW(-A1,4) becomes (-A1)^^4. 
 
 @STD, @VAR 123 computes population standard deviation and variance, while PC 
 provides a choice between sample and population statistics.  PC will convert 
 the 123 functions to SDEVP and VARP, but it will report an error if you try to 
 save the sample functions (SDEV, VAR) to a 123 file. 
 
 Financial functions 
 
 123's financial functions take fewer arguments than PC's; moreover, 123 does 
 not follow the convention designating cash inflows as positive numbers and 
 outflows as negative.  PC adds the proper arguments and adjusts the sign of an 
 appropriate argument when necessary.  The net effect is to preserve the sign 
 and magnitude of the function value.  For example, the payment argument in @PV 
 needs to have its sign changed.  If it's a number or cell reference, PC will 
 simply change its sign.  However, if it's an expression like "A2+3", PC will 
 change it to "-(A2+3)." Notice that PC correctly enclosed the expression in 
 parentheses before making the argument negative.  When you save the file, PC 
 will change the sign again. 
 
 All 123 financial functions supported by PC are converted to equivalent PC 
 functions when importing a 123 file.  However, the reverse is not necessarily 
 true.  PC differentiates between ordinary annuities and annuities due.  123 
 only knows about ordinary annuities, so if you are actually using annuities 
 due, the distinction is lost upon writing a 123 file.  Furthermore, @PV takes 
 only 3 arguments in 123, omitting the future value argument supported by PC.  
 Thus, if the value of this argument is anything but 0 in PC, the function will 
 mean something different in 123.  Finally, @RATE in 123 is limited to compound 
 interest calculations.  PC's RATE function, however, fully supports annuity 
 calculations in addition to simple interest.  Thus, any PC RATE function 
 dealing with annuities will mean something different in 123, as the additional 
 information is lost in the translation.  You won't be warned of these errors, 
 so please guard against them. 
 
 Lookup Functions 
 
 The index arguments for these functions all suffer an "off by one" error.  
 Under Lotus, index begins at 0, whereas under PC, index begins at 1.  Thus 
 when reading a 123 file, PC needs to add one to the index argument.  If this 
 argument is a number, it will simply be incremented by one.  However, if it's 
 anything else, PC will create a new expression of the form "old-expression+1". 
 Similar transformations are made when writing 123 files.  After multiple read-
 write cycles, you might find yourself with an index argument that looks like 
 "A1+1-1+1-1...".  Watch out for this; it doesn't hurt anything, but it is 
 confusing. 
 
 One final thing to keep in mind is that apparently not all 123 Release 2 
 functions are supported by Release 1.  Since the Lotus file format 
 documentation omits this information, PC does no checking while writing 
 Release 1 files for functions that Release 1 may not support.  So, keep this 
 in mind if you are using a Release 1 type spreadsheet; use only those 
 functions that your spreadsheet supports. 
 
