  q	  L        U   #  *  1  (6  N;  z=  A  H  H  H  H  H  .I  J  TM  5O  aR  }S  NU  V  X  Z  \  g^  _  !a  b  e  f  g  6h  Oj  !l  p  r  ft  v  x  R{  }        f    S  ,  $    m      *    z    K    ?  š          o  G  ߮    Y  )  ַ                                        4  5  0    C  *    ;    DR. DANIEL J. BOORSTIN 
1983 A.D.

	WRITER - THE BOOK 
"I hope THE DISCOVERERS will awaken people to the magic and the mystery of discovery.  There is no place on Earth where discovery can't be made...no part of our experience which cannot nourish discovery.  The film shows it is possible to find the sources and the adventure of discovery in a drop of water...in the heavens... in the ocean...and on all the lands of the world.  Discovery is a universal opportunity and a universal experience." 
Dr. Boorstin's best-selling book THE DISCOVERERS taught many lessons about our quest for knowledge.  The IMAX film shared his goals by making the excitement of discovery come to life.  Dr. Boorstin also authored THE AMERICANS, a trilogy that won the Francis Parkman Prize, the Bancroft Prize and the Pulitzer Prize. He also taught American history for twenty five years at the University of Chicago, and was the director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.  Most recently he served for twelve years as the Librarian of Congress.  His new book, THE CREATORS, leads his readers to the arts, and suggests how it is possible for humankind to find fulfillment by embellishing and enriching the world through the arts. 

GREG MACGILLIVRAY
1993 A.D.

	PRODUCER/DIRECTOR  - THE FILM 
"From the time we are born, we're fascinated with everything and we want to discover how things work. I think the film conveys the adventure and excitement of exploration, helping us see that we are all discoverers." 
With twelve successful IMAX/OMNIMAX films to his credit, Greg MacGillivray has firmly established himself as the most technically-innovative film maker in the medium. MacGillivray is also known for the high quality of his artistic direction--a creative ability to make difficult topics exciting and inspiring. 
With THE DISCOVERERS, MacGillivray follows his ground-breaking work on TO THE LIMIT with an equally impressive production. MacGillivray's well-honed skills were critical to THE DISCOVERERS, which required new technological developments, like the revolutionary lightweight IMAX camera, and complex historical re-enactments. 
The MacGillivray Freeman film TO FLY is the most widely- exhibited IMAX film to date.  The film premiered in 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in honor of the nation's Bicentennial. 
Tragedy cut their partnership short when Jim Freeman was killed in a helicopter crash near Mammoth, California, just two days before the Bicentennial world premiere of TO FLY.  Over the next five years, MacGillivray was involved with feature films such as The Shining and Big Wednesday, which demanded his particular aesthetic insight and action-oriented skills.  

>JON BOORSTIN
1992 A.D.

	WRITER/CO-DIRECTOR - THE FILM 
"I want people to come away excited about the experience of discovery and wanting to do it themselves--knowing that it's not something that is only done by a few great men up there in the sky.  It's a feeling they get when they learn something new--I want people to be excited by that.  I'm doing this for my ten year old son.  I want him to look at the movie and want to be a discoverer.  I want it to inspire people and excite them with the possibilities of discovery." 
Jon Boorstin, wrote the screenplay for the IMAX film THE DISCOVERERS, as well as the screenplay for the IMAX film, TO THE LIMIT. His films for the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Science Foundation and others have won numerous awards, including Chris Awards, CINE Golden Eagles, and the IFPA Blue Ribbon.  His film EXPLORATORIUM was nominated for the 1974 Oscar for Best Documentary Short.  Mr. Boorstin was educated at Harvard and Cambridge Universities in History and Fine Arts.  He and his wife, Leni Isaacs Boorstin, have two children and live in Los Angeles. 


BILL GROSS
1991 A.D.

	CHAIRMAN/CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER - KNOWLEDGE ADVENTURE INC. 
"The moment of "Ah-ha!";  the feeling of a "light bulb" going on inside your head; experiencing the thrill and magic of learning ... these are the reasons I started Knowledge Adventure.  If we've been able, with the personal computer, to make kids (and adults!) feel all that excitement and inspiration, then we'll have achieved my goal, the goal I dropped everything else to do.  I hope this computer product and the great content on which it is based -- the incredible DISCOVERERS story -- will give you those thrills and fireworks and light bulbs." 
Bill Gross is founder and Chairman of Knowledge Adventure Inc. The quintessential entrepreneur, Bill started his first company, Solar Devices, in high school to create parabolic concentrators and heat engines that would run on solar power. At the California Institute of Technology, he designed high-performance loudspeakers, patented his designs, and used the profits to pay his way through college. After college, Bill opened a factory to build his speakers and a retail store to sell them. This store grew into an audio store, a video store, then an audio-video-computer store. Bill's brother, Larry, and his sister, Marcee, joined him and they began creating business software. This new company was acquired by software giant, Lotus Development Corporation. After six years at Lotus, Bill's son, David, began kindergarten. Bill founded Knowledge Adventure to apply his skills and ideas to educating and inspiring children. 

ROGER HOLZBERG
1994 A.D.

	WRITER/DESIGNER -KNOWLEDGE ADVENTURE INTERACTIVE ADAPTATION 
"When people ask me what it means to design and write an interactive version of an IMAX film, I say that I take the film, which is 28 minutes long -- and make it four and a half hours wide.  My hope is that the interactive experience maintains much of the inspirational excitement of the film while allowing the user to weave in a sense of the rich, deep tapestry of literature.  The computer generated simulations and games are there to encourage the user to become a discoverer; to realize that the act of learning can be more fun than anyone has ever imagined." 
As the Director of the Knowledge Adventure, Inc. Film Group, Mr. Holzberg is the Designer/Writer for the multi-media adaptation of the MacGillivray Freeman IMAX movie SPEED. 
He is also the writer of THE LIVING SEA, an IMAX movie that addresses the global eco-system of the oceans and how humankind's future relationship with the seas will affect life on earth. 
Mr. Holzberg is a graduate of the CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF THE ARTS.  He lives with his wife, Kim Buckley, and their two children. 
He has written and directed feature films, such as MIDNIGHT CROSSING, as well as the award winning stage plays DESERT FIRE and THE TRIAL OF MOTHER JONES. 

MHELP -- PLAYBACK SCREEN
< SEE TEXT FILE
HELP -- PLAYBACK SCREEN FUNCTIONS 
1.  Play a PREVIEW of the movie 
2.  PLAY the movie 
3.  Click BACKWARD through the movie 
4.  Click FORWARD through the movie 
5.  Scroll through the KEYFRAMES of the movie, then click your mouse a second time to return to the interface. 
6.  DISCOVERY menu 
7.  GAME menu 
8.  EXIT the program 

HELP -- REFERENCE SCREEN
< SEE TEXT FILE
HELP -- REFERENCE SCREEN 
1.  Keep clicking within the PICTURE WINDOW to continue on your Knowledge Adventure. 
2.  Click on the arrows, which surround the GLOBE, to make it rotate.  Move the SLIDER BAR to zoom in/out on the earth.  Click on the SHORT BAR to make the globe go to FULL SCREEN.  Click on a red dot to explore a 'hot spot'. 
3.  The buttons on the bottom of the TEXT screen make the page move up/down.  Click on a WORD to see the other reference subjects which begin with that letter, then click on that word to continue exploring. 
4.  Click on an arrow or click and move the SLIDER to the right/left to advance/retreat the time line. 
5.  HELP 
6.  RE-TRACE to the previous screen 
7.  GAME menu 
8.  DISCOVERY menu 
9.  REPEAT narration 
10.  PRINT text 
11.  RETURN TO MOVIE 
@HOW LONG IS LONG?
(UNDERSTANDING TIME)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 1: Construct a time line of the Universe to identify historical events. 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. a twelve month calendar 
	b. pencils, crayons, rulers 
2. Using your blank calendar, use the scale below to record the history of the Universe through the twelve months. Decorate the locations of the various events with your own drawings and artwork. 
	1 month = 1.25 billion years. Scientists believe the Universe began on January 1 (about 15 billion years ago).  The Earth began to form about September 1 (5 billion years ago). 
	1 day = 40 million years. Dinosaurs appeared on December 26 and vanished on December 30 (this means they lived about 140 million years on the Earth). 
	1 hour = about 1,666,666 years. Humans appeared about 9:00 p.m. on December 31 (about 5 million years ago). 
	1 minute = about 27,778 years. Fire was discovered and agriculture developed during the last two minutes of the last day of December (about 52,000 years ago). 
	1 second = about 463 years. Recorded history began during the last seven seconds of December 31 (about 3,500 years ago). 
3.  Taking it further... 
      a. Make a different time line showing the important discoveries since the beginning of man's existence. (Magellan's trip to the Americas, Newton's theory of gravity and other important events). 
	b. Make a time line to reflect historical landmarks in the space program, the transportation or medical fields, etc. 
	c. Make a personal time line showing the important events in your own life. 
	d. Make a mobile time line indicating historical events on a hanging string 


pWHAT DO I REALLY SEE?
(MAKING A VIEWER)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 2: Make a pinhole viewer. CAUTION: MUST BE SUPERVISED BY A TEACHER OR PARENT! 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. small cardboard box 
	b. ruler, pencil, black tape 
	c. a hobby knife 
	d. tracing paper, flashlight 
	e. small object (like a toy block) 
2. Construct your camera. 
	a. Hold each part of the box up to the light.  Look for any points shining on the inside of the box. Cover any holes which allow light into the box with black tape.  Now the box is "light proof". 
	b. Use the compass point to poke a clean hole in the center of the top of the box. 
	c. In the center of the bottom of the box draw a rectangle 2 1/2 inches by 1 1/2 inches. Carefully cut this out with the hobby knife. This hole is the aperture. 
	d. Cut a piece of tracing paper large enough to fit over the rectangular hole.  Tape the paper to the box with the tape, making sure there are no gaps. 
	e. Put the top on the box and put black tape on any gaps around the lid. 
3. Now, put your viewer on a table in front of the toy object, the pinhole facing the toy. Standing in front of the viewer, look at the tracing paper while someone shines the flashlight onto the toy from several feet away. Look at the aperture (the tracing paper) and notice that the object appears upside down. This is because the light shining on the toy is reflected at every angle away from it. Only a small number of light rays can pass through the pinhole. Since light travels in straight lines, the image will appear inverted. 
4. Taking it further... 
	a. use your pinhole viewer to look at sunspots.  Remove the box top and hold the top up, parallel to the sun.  Put a piece of paper on the ground.  Look for the image of the sun on the paper.  Hold still and watch for sun spots (magnetic storms in the sun's upper gaseous layers). IMPORTANT: Never look directly at the sun! Never look through the pinhole directly at the sun. 
fSHOW ME THE WAY
(MAKING A COMPASS)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 3: Make a compass and learn to use it. CAUTION: MUST BE SUPERVISED BY A TEACHER OR PARENT! 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. a straight pin, a knife 
	b. a styrofoam cup 
	c. small bowl or pie tin 
	d. a magnet and water 
2. Making your compass. 
	a. Cut a 1/2 inch square of styrofoam cup. Make a narrow groove at the top, large enough to hold the pin. 
	b. Magnetize the pin by rubbing it 50 times with the magnet in one direction; start at one end and slide it to the opposite end. Make a small semi-circle over the pin with the magnet after each stroke. 
	c. Float the square with the magnetized pin in it in the pan of water.  When the water is calm, watch the pin move to a north-south position.  
	d. Give it a slight push to change the direction. If it's magnetized, it will return to the north-south direction.  Mark north, south, east and west in the room. The "compass" will return to it's north-south position because the Earth has its own magnetic field. The pin inside a real compass is a magnet. It will point north, telling you which direction you are facing (in relation to which way is north). 
HOW CAN IT FLY?
(MAKING A KITE)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 4: Make a kite and experiment with aerodynamics. 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. plastic (supermarket) bags 
	b. plastic straws, tape 
	c. newspaper, pencil 
	d. a hole punch, scissors, ruler 
	e. string, permanent markers 
2. Making your kite. 
	a. Measure a pattern on the newspaper to match the diagram on your screen. Cut this shape out and set aside. 
	b. Cut your plastic bags so that the shape you cut out of the newspaper will fit onto the bag. 
	c. Put the newspaper pattern on the bag and trace the shape. 
	d. Carefully cut out the shape. Mark a triangle shape (see diagram) in the lower center of the bag and cut it out carefully.  
	e. Tape two straws together, end to end and set aside. Repeat this step. 
	f. Tape the far corners of the shape and use the hole punch to make a small hole in the center of the taped areas. 
	g. Place the straws (see diagram) on either side of the shape. Tape the ends of the straws to the plastic, then tape down the center of each straw. 
	h. Attach a 40-inch string to the holes on the outside of the corners of the shape--this is the bridle string. 
	i. Attach a long flying string to the middle of the bridle string and fly the kite outside in strong winds. 
3. Use permanent markers or paints to decorate your kite! 
HOW DO I GET THERE?
(MAKING A MAP)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 5: Make a map of your house and neighborhood. 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. pencils, rulers 
	b. large grid graph paper 
	c. tape measure 
2. Making your map. On the graph paper, map your bedroom, using ceiling or floor tiles as square feet in the room.  Note the entrance, your desk, bed, and anything else that takes up floor space. Make another map of your neighborhood, adjusting the scale. 
3. Verify the map with your parents or siblings. Map making only works if the map is readable to others! 
OWHAT COLOR IS LIGHT?
(USING A PRISM)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 6: Use a prism to experiment with light. 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. a prism 
	b. white paper 
	c. heavy paper with 1/4" slit 
	d. a light source 
	e. darkened room 
2. Hold the heavy paper with the slit in it up to a ray of light (use high wattage if using a light bulb).  Have a friend hold up the white paper, opposite the heavy paper. Hold the prism, by the edges, in between both sheets of paper so that the light coming through the slit hits the prism.  The colors coming through the prism will strike the white paper making the colors easy to see. 
3. Taking it further... 
	a. Move the prism, changing the angle and varying the distance between the two papers. 
	b. Experiment with mirrors. Try to separate the colors so they reach different parts of the room. 
	c. Make a cardboard disk ruled into 50 equal parts (like a pie). Count the divisions into 6 equal sections and color them in (white, primary and secondary colors). Put a pin through the center of the disk and attach it to the eraser of a pencil. Give it a spin. The faster you spin the disk, the whiter it gets! 
LOOKING DOWN
(TOPOGRAPHY)
(SEE MANUAL) 
PROJECT 7: Observe rocks to determine topography. Relate this to the process used to map the surfaces of the planets. 
1. Find Materials: 
	a. 3 different-sized and shaped rocks 
	b. an empty bucket or tub 
	c. a bucket full of water 
	d. waterproof permanent black marker 
	e. paper and pencils 
	f. towels for clean-up 
2. Steps to determining topography: 
	a. Add about 1/4" of water to the empty bucket and place the first rock into the water.  Remove it and mark the waterline with the marker. 
	b. Replace the rock and add about 1" of water to the bucket.  Again, remove the rock and mark the waterline with the marker.  (see diagram) 
	c. Repeat the above process as many times as you can, adding 1" of water each time, until you reach the top of the rock.  
	d. Repeat the procedure with the other two rocks. 
3. The views from above the drawn lines is a demonstration of the contour lines.  When you are finished you will be able to view the contour lines of three different-sized and shaped rocks. 
4. On the paper, try to draw the contour lines, showing the topography of the rocks. Examine the relationship between the contours and the actual shape of the terrain. 
5. Taking it further... 
	a. Get topographical maps of local camping and hiking areas and plan several trails through the terrain. Try to make the trails cover easy and difficult paths. 
	b. From the rocks above, figure out the best locations for a space station or human habitation of some type, by looking at the contour lines created. 
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 PTOLEMY'S UNIVERSE
150 A.D.
Ptolemy: "At the center of the Universe is...the Earth.  It never moves.  Above us circle the Moon, Sun, the planets, and the bed of constellations that we call stars.  They arc in great, circular paths, whirling around us each and every day." 
KCOPERNICUS
1543 A.D.
"Until the 16th century, the geocentric theory, with the Earth at the center of the Universe, was believed to be true. In 1543, a Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus, laid the foundation for modern astronomy when he proposed that the Earth was not at the center of the Universe, but just one of the planets orbiting the Sun." 

BRAHE
1572 A.D.
Kepler: "My teacher, mentor, and friend, Tycho Brahe, was a man of unparalleled observational skill. In 1572, he detected a new star in the sky, the first to appear in recorded history. Over a period of 20 years, Brahe charted the heavens with the use of nothing other than his naked eye. Painstaking measurements of the planets led him to an observation that could not be explained -- the planet Mars failed to orbit in a perfect circle. Before his death in 1601, Brahe appointed me his successor and I inherited volumes of his recorded observations. The work of this great man led me to solving the mystery he had revealed -- the orbit of Mars -- and the discovery of planetary motion." 
KEPLER
1609 A.D.
Kepler: "My first law of planetary motion established the true shape of the orbit of Mars as...an ellipse. The same is true for all of the planets in our solar system. My second law of planetary motion follows from the logic of the first -- when a planet nears the Sun, it moves faster than in the wider, more distant, parts of the orbital ellipse. Tycho Brahe and I helped lay to rest forever, the absurd theory that the Earth was the center of the Universe." 
GALILEO
1610 A.D.
Galileo: "To point a telescope toward the sky is an act that requires both courage and imagination.  In the year 1610, to aim a novelty, a spy glass, at the belly of God's heaven...is considered by some to be an act of heresy.  But, the beauty of the celestial images.... The Moon appears 30 times larger than when viewed with the naked eye. Anyone may know with certainty that the Moon does not possess a smooth and polished surface, but one rough and uneven.  Just like the Earth, it is full of deep chasms and sinuosities.  For my scientific quest, I have been forbidden to share my discoveries because of my simple statement that...the Sun is the center of the solar system!  My attempt was to document what I came to discover as physical truth...not to alter the boundaries of heaven." 
 CELLARIUS' STAR MAP
1660 A.D.
"This star map, by Dutchman Andreas Cellarius, depicts some of the characters from Greek mythology.  It was believed that the groupings of stars were outlines for the constellations -- the gods, animals, and monsters that inhabited the night skies." 

SOLAR YEAR
4241 B.C.
"The ancient Egyptians used the rising and setting of the Sun to add significance to their many religious ceremonies.  They measured the sunrise against the tip of a pointed rock and counted the Sun's crossings to solve a very practical problem...defining the length of a year.  The "Nile Year" had a length of 365 days.  Over the centuries, the 365-day year became an "inaccurate year" because a year is actually 365 days and 11 minutes." 

+THE SUNDIAL
1500 B.C.
"In the time of King Thutmose the Third, the Egyptians used a horizontal bar with a T on one end to tell time.  The T was directed toward the east in the morning, and toward the west at noon.  For centuries to come, measuring the length of the Sun's shadow was the most accurate way to tell time." 
4LEAP YEAR
1752 A.D.
Franklin: "Back in 1582, after centuries of multiplying inaccuracies, Pope Gregory decided that he would set the calendar straight.  He lopped 10 days from the year and implemented the "leap year" system that the West still uses.  We, in America, were slow to catch up, but in 1752 it was decided that the issue could no longer be avoided and 10 days were deleted from the year.  I used the occasion to imagine that I had caught up on a great deal of lost sleep!  George Washington, however, was mortified -- for the change required him to forsake his birthday!" 
CHINESE ASTRONOMERS
1629 A.D.
"The Jesuit Missionaries, who had long been keeping an accurate accounting of eclipses, were in China on the morning of June 21, 1629.  The Imperial Chinese Astronomers predicted that the eclipse would begin at 10:30 and last for two hours.  10:30 came and went.  Then, at 11:30, an eclipse began and lasted for two minutes -- exactly as the Jesuits had predicted!  The Emperor of China now had confidence in the men from the West and the door to China was unlocked." 
A CRUSADE
1403 A.D.
"Though a violent and bloody excuse for discovery, the religious crusades sent explorers to the far reaches of the known world.  Prince Henry the Navigator, at the age of 19, was given the charge of leading a crusade against Ceuta.  On the brink of his departure, a monk had a vision of the Virgin Mary -- and there was an eclipse of the Sun.  His armada set sail and the Muslim fortress of Ceuta was taken in a single day!" 
OBSERVATORY
1993 A.D.
"Peeling away the outer skin of an observatory, we see that the telescope is seated on a huge mount that rotates in a circle.  The seam in the dome is opened to allow the astronomers to see the sky.  The dome can also turn, enabling the telescope to be pointed in any direction.  In the building next door, notice the large tank for washing and resurfacing the telescope's huge mirror, which is used to reflect the image into the sighting lens." 
OSTAR TRAILS
1985 A.D.
"Above the dome of the William Herschel telescope, in the Canary Islands, these spinning, circling lines in the sky, trace the arcing rotation of the Earth.  They are stars -- fixed in the heavens while the Earth rotates beneath them.  Using a time exposure to create the photograph, the circle's center is the north celestial pole." 
4TELESCOPE IN SPACE
1990 A.D.
"Launched from the cargo bay of the space shuttle in 1990, the Hubble Telescope's golden wings are actually giant solar panels that power the on-board systems.  Above the atmosphere, which blurs the view of ground based telescopes, the Hubble Telescope can see faint, distant objects in very great detail." 
{ORION
10 Billion B.C.
Orion: "I am Orion.  I follow the Pleiades across the sky, my dogs snapping at my heels!  I am the hunter.  See the shock of red at my shoulder, like a battle wound which I shrug off, pushing ever forward into the cold of the night.  The shock of red is actually the Orion Nebula.  Enshrouded within it are the young stars, the Trapezium, huddled like new laid eggs in a nest." 
A STAR IS BORN
10 Billion B.C.
"The birth of a star begins deep within massive dark clouds of dust and gas known as nebulae. When the clouds start to collapse, red-hot matter breaks up into glowing clumps -- protostars. A protostar becomes an actual star when nuclear reactions begin, creating energy that is emitted as a bright, ultraviolet light. The young star will then produce a powerful stellar wind which blows away the cloud of dust around it. What is left of the cloud condenses into rings that will form planets. The density of the star determines both size and how bright it will shine. A star will live for a very long time and is still referred to as "young" until it is several million years old." 

 STARS
10 Billion B.C.
"A hundred times the size of our Sun, the biggest stars are the hottest.  The hotter -- the bluer.  The cooler -- the redder.  The Pleiades, the Seven Sisters, are shrouded by the gauzy remains of the exploding nebula that gave them birth." 
 JERUSALEM
1000 A.D.
"Most of the maps from the Middle Ages show the world as a flat disc with only three continents - Europe, Asia, and Africa.  At the time, the rest of the world lay undiscovered.  At the center of the map is the holy city of Jerusalem." 
 BETTER MAPS
1600 A.D.
"Once the discoverers began to return from their travels, and the shape of the world became defined, more accurate maps were able to be drawn." 
A CHINESE DISCOVERER
138 B.C.
"Almost 2,000 years ago, the ancient Romans and Chinese lived in entirely separate worlds.  Both of their civilizations had developed in complete isolation from one another.  Mountain ranges, deserts, and vast forests lay between them -- however, the two cultures did know of one another. They traveled along the ancient 'Silk Road', where the rich Romans acquired Chinese silk.  The great Chinese explorer, Chang Ch'ien, traveled vast distances, forming links between China, Asia, and the Middle East." 
THE MUSLIM EXPLORERS
1100 A.D.
"The religion of Islam was founded in the 6th century.  Within two centuries, it had spread as far as India and Spain.  The famous Muslim discoverer, Al Edrisi, traveled vast distances, mostly over land.  His journeys led him from Baghdad, to Mecca, down the coast of Northern Africa, to Delhi and Calicut, India, all the way to Beijing, China.  The Arabs invented one of the earliest navigational instruments -- the 'astrolabe'." 

MARCO POLO
1298 A.D.
Polo: "When I was a young man, 16 years of age, my father and uncle took me with them on their second journey.  The Mongols had broken through the Great Wall of China and conquered most of the empire, opening China up for trade.  We departed from Venice in 1271, first stopping in Jerusalem for the holy oil requested by Kublai Khan, the great Mongol leader.  At the edge of the Himalayas I fell ill, and for a year...the caravan waited for me to get stronger.  Crossing the mountains showed me the most spectacular country I had ever imagined; vistas with endless views, snowcapped summits in the sky.  When crossing the fierce Gobi desert, we placed signs with arrows in the sand to be sure we would begin the next day's travels in the right direction.  Passing the Great Wall brought us to the Summer Palace of the Emperor -- after three and a half years of travel.  I lived and journeyed through the Orient for 20 years, before returning home to share my wealth of knowledge with the world." 
THE VIKINGS
1000 A.D.
"Viking means 'man of the creek'.  The early Vikings were ruthless warriors who ravaged and plundered their way through the coastal areas of Great Britain and northwest Europe.  Five-hundred years before Columbus landed on the shores of America, the Vikings had already discovered the 'New World', establishing a settlement in Newfoundland.  Leif Erikson, and other Vikings who had no land of their own, sailed west to seek their fortunes and avoid paying taxes." 
LDA GAMA
1498 A.D.
Vasco da Gama: "We had spent centuries chasing the Muslims from Portugal, and now we began to push our way into Muslim territory by sea.  Rumors abounded, rumors of mines of gold, hidden deep in West Africa -- we never found them.  I followed the path of Bartolomeu Dias, his cowardly crew having been unwilling to complete his last voyage; but my crew held fast as we rounded the Cape, forging up through the churning current, finally crossing the Indian Sea and reaching Calicut.  I am the first European to reach India by sea, opening the ocean trade route between Europe and India." 
COLUMBUS' FIRST VOYAGE
1492 A.D.
Columbus: "While the Portuguese were sailing to India by way of Africa, I decided that I could accomplish the same goal by sailing west.  I believed that the world was round, and I had to lobby like a politician to convince the King and Queen of Spain to invest in my dream.  I imagined that Europe, Asia, and Africa were huge bodies of land, wrapping around the globe, and that I could sail west and reach them easily.  In 1492, I crossed the great ocean and claimed the island of San Salvador in the name of Spain." 
COLUMBUS' GREAT MISTAKE
1500 A.D.
"I completed a total of four voyages.  I started colonies, built fortresses, brought missionaries to convert the Indians and teach them of the Bible and the God in which I believed.  I named them 'Indians' because they inhabited the islands off of the country known as India." 
"Christopher Columbus never knew the impact and scope of his discovery. 
	He died before anyone knew that the Americas were a vast land, separating the known world, and nearly doubling its size." 
THE SOUTH POLE
1911 A.D.
"Antarctica, the coldest place in the world, was the last continent to be explored.  Unlike the North Pole, which is made up of a dense sheet of ice, Antarctica has a land mass at its base.  Captain James Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle in 1773, but never saw land.  About 1820, seal hunters first saw the Antarctic Peninsula.  Because of the severity and harshness of the terrain, the South Pole wasn't reached until December 14, 1911, by Roald Amundsen of Norway.  Barely a month later, Robert Scott, a British explorer who had his heart set on being the first person to reach the pole, found Amundsen's flag already there -- Scott and his entire team died on the way back." 
PEARY AND HENSON
1909 A.D.
"Controversy still surrounds the discovery of the North Pole.  American naturalist and explorer, Robert Peary, along with Matthew Henson, the first black Arctic explorer, claim that they reached the pole in April of 1909.  Some people refused to believe that they could have traveled at the speeds required to make the journey within the number of days that his log indicated, but the claim is generally accepted as true." 
MAGELLAN
1522 A.D.
"While crossing the Pacific, Magellan's men were dying of starvation by the time they reached Tuamoto Archipelago -- and no food or water was found on those islands.  The three remaining ships completed the crossing and arrived in Guam, then sailed on to an island in the Philippines.  Caught in the midst of a local war, Magellan fought heroically alongside his men...and died in battle. As the voyage continued, one of the remaining ships was captured by the Portuguese. Magellan's flagship, the Victoria, with only 18 men aboard, completed the first voyage around the world in 1522. It would be another 60 years before Francis Drake, the English explorer, would duplicate the feat." 
SOLAR SYSTEM
4.6 Billion B.C.
"Our corner of the galaxy has the Sun, our neighborhood star, at its center.  Our family of planets totals nine, with almost 70 moons orbiting around them.  More asteroids than we can count and millions of comets make up the rest of the neighborhood.  The planets, from closest to farthest, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Pluto is almost four billion miles (6.4 billion km) from the Sun." 

EARLY SATELLITES
1957 A.D.
"October 4, 1957 -- a faint bleep was heard on radio receivers around the world; it was to change forever the way we view the Universe.  On that date, Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, was launched from Russia.  Sputnik 1 was a 23-inch, 184-pound metal sphere.  It took a 90-foot rocket weighing four tons to propel it into orbit, and the race for space was on.  Before the Americans could respond, the Russians launched Sputnik 2, a heavier satellite with a payload that included Laika, a dog -- the very first Earth visitor in space. 
	The initial American response was more than disappointing.  In 1957, Vanguard 1 caught fire and exploded on the launch pad. 
	Explorer 1, smaller and lighter than Sputnik 1, finally got into orbit from Cape Canaveral on February 1, 1958." 
nASTRONAUTS
1961 A.D.
"On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin achieved two firsts -- he became the first person in space as well as the first to orbit the Earth during his 1.8 hour mission aboard Vostok 1.  On May 5 of the same year, Alan Shepard became the first U.S. astronaut into space during a 15 minute suborbital flight aboard his Mercury III capsule, the Freedom VII." 
KENNEDY
1961 A.D.
In 1961, President Kennedy made the decision to take humanity to the Moon "before the decade is out". Perhaps in part because of embarrassment over the failure of his Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, he chose a program that the entire country could rally around. He announced that the U.S. would put a man on the Moon by 1969. 
In a speech to Congress, before the United States had even sent a man into orbit, Kennedy proposed a bold and ambitious goal: "I believe," he said, "that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." 
Even though he did not live to see it happen, his program succeeded on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon. 
 ARMSTRONG
1969 A.D.

"That was Neil Armstrong's first sentence from the surface of our nearest neighbor.  On July 21, 1969, Apollo 11 achieved Kennedy's dream of reaching the moon by the end of the decade." 
STS
1981 A.D.
"Destroying a rocket every time a mission is sent into space is both wasteful and inefficient.  The STS, or Space Transportation System, was developed as a reusable vehicle that would glide back to earth after its mission. 
	The first Space Shuttle mission began on April 12, 1981. 
	As large as a commercial aircraft, with the liftoff thrust of 140 jumbo jets, the Shuttle's orbiter can carry a crew of eight and deliver a payload of almost 15,000 tons." 
CHALLENGER
1986 A.D.
"On January 28, 1986...the world was reminded that the exploration of space is not without danger.  An elementary school teacher, Krista McAuliffe, was on-board the space shuttle 'Challenger'.  She had been selected to teach lessons from space to students around the world. Since she was a young girl, Krista had dreamt of traveling into space; a dream that she was never able to realize. Seventy-three seconds after liftoff -- 'Challenger' exploded ...killing everyone on board. 
RVALENTINA TERESHKOVA
1963 A.D.
"The very first woman in space was Valentina Tereshkova-Nikolayeva. She made 48 orbits in 78 hours on June 16, 1963.  It would be 20 years before NASA would send the first American woman into space.  During the second 'Challenger' flight, launched June 18, 1983 -- Sally K. Ride became the first woman from the U.S. to travel in space." 
SALLY RIDE
1987 A.D.
"Dr. Sally Ride has a doctorate degree in physics from Stanford University.  Interested in science since she was a young girl, Dr. Ride flew aboard the space shuttle in 1983 and 1984.  Since leaving NASA in 1987, she has taught at Stanford University and is the director of the California Space Institute at the University of California, San Diego. 
	Dr. Ride has also authored books for children that include 'To Space and Back' and 'Voyager'." 
MARINER 10
1973 A.D.
"Mariner 10 was the first probe to visit more than one planet.  Launched in 1973, Mariner 10 flew by Venus, then glided past Mercury three times, transmitting back over 8,000 photographs.  From Mariner 10, we discovered that Mercury is a barren, crater-riddled world." 
=THE VIKING
1975 A.D.
"In 1975, twin probes were sent toward the red planet, Mars.  The mission of these probes was to map the planet, analyze its soil -- and to explore our closest neighbor for signs of life.  The orbiters circled the planet, then deployed their landers, which descended to the surface.  No life-forms were ever found." 
.VOYAGER I
1977 A.D.
"In the summer of 1977, two giant rockets were launched.  A pair of probes were used because the scope of the mission was so vast, and the trajectories so varied, that a single probe could not accomplish the mission alone.  Because these probes were to spend most of their time beyond the reach of the Sun, and therefore could not utilize solar power, they were equipped with small, radioactive power sources.  Voyager I flew by Jupiter in 1979, then looped out to Saturn, passing dangerously close (4,062 miles/6,500 km) to Saturn's largest moon, Titan." 

VOYAGER II
1977 A.D.
"Like Voyager I, Voyager II also flew by Jupiter and Saturn.  This probe, however, continued on to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989.  Most of the on-board systems were then shut down, but Voyager II continues to explore the outer reaches of our solar system as it glides through space at over nine miles (14.8 km) per second. At that speed, it will take over 40,000 years to reach its next target, the star Ross 248." 

rTHE MAGELLAN PROJECT
1989 A.D.
"The Magellan project was begun long before it ever reached the planet Venus. Scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, had been planning the mission for years. On May 4th, 1989, after a spectacular liftoff, the shuttle Atlantis was orbiting the Earth. The cargo-bay doors were retracted...and the Magellan spacecraft was on its way." 

MAGELLAN AEROBRAKES
1989 A.D.
"A significant new spacecraft maneuver was achieved with the Magellan mission. The maneuver involved using the outer reaches of Venus' atmosphere to "aerobrake" the spacecraft. Controllers back on Earth carefully lowered the periapsis, or low point of the spacecraft's orbit, to a level where heat and pressure were precisely measured to achieve the desired slowing effect. Carefully working over a period of approximately 70 days, the orbit was reduced from 5,251 miles (8,470 km) to 335 miles (540 km)." 
 VENUS
1989 A.D.
"The Magellan spacecraft has been orbiting Venus since 1989, returning high resolution images, altimetry, and measurements of 98 percent of the planet's surface." 
THE ANTHROPOLOGIST
1900 A.D.
Maria: "When I grew up, I learned as much as I could about anthropology.  Anthropology is the scientific study of the beginnings, development, and varieties of human beings and our societies.  Human beings have been called the 'time binders,' because with words and pictures -- we alone are able to tell the stories of our past.  Our stories bind together generations with the common vision of our ancestry." 
THE ARCHAEOLOGIST
1450 A.D.
Maria: "Archaeology is the scientific study of human remains and artifacts to gain knowledge about prehistoric times. Research into the lives of human beings began in Italy in the 15th century, where early archaeologists began to excavate sites in search of ancient Greek sculpture." 
iCAVE DWELLERS
100,000 B.C.
Maria: "The Cro-Magnon people were highly skilled hunters. It was probably the men who did most of the hunting, because the women cared for the young -- and a crying baby would scare away the game animals.  Spears and bows and arrows were the weapons of the hunt.  Deep pits were dug for huge animals like bison and mammoths into which they were driven by running bands of drum-beating hunters.  Besides caring for the young, the women were the gatherers.  They would go out each morning and search for berries.  They learned about grasses and leaves, roots and flowers, and the healing powers of medicinal herbs." 

HUNTERS BECOME FARMERS
6000 B.C.
Maria: "Imagine that it is the early part of the migration, and a band of hunters spot the wild grasses that have always been a part of their diet.  This year, imagine that the group comes across a huge expanse of grass, the seeding heads are ripe and full.  The migrating band camps.  Over the next few days, the women gather the seeds...then the group moves on. As the migration continues, some of the seeds are dropped by the bank of a river.  During the next year's migration, the women observe that the grain has grown in the places where it had fallen, that the plants have reproduced themselves from the tiny seeds that were carried from the original gathering.  Unknowingly, they have become the first farmers." 
EARLY HOMES
6000 B.C.
Maria: "The city has been built of mud bricks, piled on top of one another and plastered with mud and straw.  Inside the walls are the houses where the villagers live.  Fences mark the area where the animals are kept, where the children play, where the pottery is made, and where the food is prepared. Early in the morning, the men leave for the hunt.  From the top of a tall house, armed lookouts keep watch over the safety of the village." 
MARIA AND HER FATHER
1888 A.D.
Maria: "My father spent the rest of his life trying to prove that the paintings we had found was the work of Stone Age artists. I helped him write a book about the paintings, but no one took it seriously.  When I was 18 years old...my father passed away.  I married and had children, and continued to learn as much as I could about anthropology and archaeology.  Finally, in 1902, a famous French archaeologist, Professor Cartailhac, came to the caves and confirmed what my father and I had long known to be true." 
THE CAVE PAINTINGS
1888 A.D.
Maria: "It is only a theory, because no one truly knows, but the theory is one in which I believe.  It is called, 'Sympathetic Magic'.  If the people could make an image of the animal... then they could have power over that animal.  The people depended on the animals, not only for food, but for clothing and tools as well.  The paintings gave them magic for the hunt and to insure that the populations of the animals would prosper." 
 CAVE ART
25,000 B.C.
"Known cave art is confined to a small area within France and Spain.  These paintings are found in a cave near Lascaux, France.  They show, in great detail, the European bison that became extinct in the 1700's." 
ANASAZI
1000 A.D.
"Anasazi means 'the ancient ones'.  The Anasazi Indians lived in the Southwest part of America.  They built complex series of cave dwellings and clustered communities where as many as 900 individuals lived at time.  On nearby cliffs and walls, they created pictographs that depicted hunts and symbols of the Sun and stars, of rain, and lightning. About 1200 A.D., the Anasazi people vanished -- the reason for their disappearance is still not known." 
vDOLPHINS AND TRAINERS
1950 A.D.
"First trained for use in marine parks, bottle-nosed dolphins can learn to read very subtle signs from their trainers. Often the spectators never know that commands have been given, because the most subtle of these commands can be given with eye movement only.  In recent years, questions have been raised about whether it is humane to keep marine mammals in captivity..." 
BRAIN SIZE
1967 A.D.
"In 'The Mind of the Dolphin,' Dr. John Lilly writes about his experiences in a laboratory where he had a researcher live with a dolphin.  He was successful in teaching some of the animals rudimentary elements of human speech.  Lilly was very impressed by the size of both dolphin and whale brains. Much larger than human brains, the brains of these animals also contain large cortical areas, just like humans' do.  These 'silent' brain areas are credited with the ability to be creative, and to reason." 
TDOLPHINS
1972 A.D.
"Despite the fact that humans have hunted dolphins, accidentally killed them in fishing nets, and captured them for display in marine parks -- since the beginning of time there have been stories about dolphins rescuing drowning or injured humans. In 1972, a South African woman survived the sinking of a cabin cruiser, only to find herself in shark-infested waters.  Bleeding from an injured foot, the woman reported that when the sharks came at her, a pair of dolphins intervened.  They fended off the sharks, then helped her swim to a buoy, waiting for her to climb to safety before leaving." 
DR. JOHN LILLY
1965 A.D.
"In 1965, Dr. John Lilly began an experiment that lasted for two and a half months.  Margaret Howe, who had joined his team as a research assistant, was selected as the human for the experiment.  A lab, which held two feet of water at the floor level, was built.  Ms. Howe lived with a young male dolphin named 'Peter' for 24 hours a day, six days a week.  Together they worked on learning games, vocalized, played, and did chores.  Peter stayed with her constantly, tagging along with her like a shadow.  At first, Peter related to her as he would with another dolphin, but then he slowly began to alter his behavior, becoming more human in his approach -- gentle, slower, less aggressive." 
ELEPHANTS
1955 A.D.
"The German zoologist, Bernard Rensch, spent many years working with elephant intelligence.  In one experiment, he presented an elephant with 13 pairs of cards, which the animal had learned earlier, but had not seen in a year. In a total of 520 trials, the elephant scored between 73 and 100 percent.  On a vocal level, Rensch discovered that elephants can discriminate between very subtle word commands." 
TYPING DOG
1965 A.D.
"Mrs. Borgese was, no doubt, the first person to teach typing by placing hamburger meat beneath oversized keys.  Her student was a dog named Arli who, after a few months, could type 'Pluto, Bone, Go, Bad, Arli, and a few other words and many numbers.' After Arli learned to use the space bar, Mrs. Borgese spent years trying to encourage him to communicate and converse. However, his ramblings were never more than a series of seemingly random words." 
2GORILLAS
1978 A.D.
"Dr. Patterson, 'Penny,' headed a project that taught sign language to gorillas at Stanford University.  Koko and Michael were her two prize students. They learned quickly and received much distinction.  Koko learned over 300 words, accepted questions from reporters, skateboarded, and drove around northern California with Penny.  They shared a residence and continued developing a greater level of inter-species communication for many years.  In the human-oriented 'Stanford-Binet' IQ tests, Koko scored as high as a 95 -- an average human IQ is around 100." 
DOLPHINS WITH LEGS
50,000,000 B.C.
"Some ancient tribal legends talk about the old days, when the dolphins came out of the oceans, sniffed around on the earth for a time -- then decided to return to the sea.  Though the true origins of undersea mammals are unknown, biochemical and genetic studies indicate that dolphins and whales are descended from the prehistoric Mesonychids, dog-sized to bear-sized animals with hooves.  They lived in Asia and Europe, as well as North America.  At some point in their evolutionary development, some of these mammals evolved back to ocean creatures.  The skeletons of all whales and dolphins still contain the small remnants of what were once hind legs." 
WHALES
1993 A.D.
"The Great Whales are divided into two groups; Baleen whales and Toothed whales.  Toothed whales are meat-eaters, the largest of which is the Sperm whale. The Baleen whales include the families of Humpback, Right, Blue and California Grey whales.  Humpbacks sing long and intricate songs, songs that can be heard for hundreds of miles beneath the surface of the water.  Though once hunted to near extinction, the above families are no longer on the 'endangered' list, except for the North American Right whale, whose entire population is hovering at barely 300 individuals.  It was recently discovered that there once lived a family of Atlantic Grey whales, but they were hunted to extinction in the mid-1800s." 
5WHALE TAIL PRINTS
1970 A.D.
"About twenty years ago, marine mammal researchers began to photograph the tails of Humpback whales -- and, since Humpbacks flip their tails into the air each time they begin to dive, the pictures were easy to take.  What they realized was that, like a fingerprint, each and every tail was different.  The 10,000-mile migrations of the whales could be charted, family lineages could be determined, behavior could be observed, and names could be given.  Suddenly, whales were no longer dark, mysterious shapes that swam beneath the water -- they were individuals." 
REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE
1670 A.D.
Newton: "Toward the end of the 17th century, during my lifetime, I witnessed a revolution in science.  Leeuwenhoek was finding a world that, before this moment in history, was invisible to the naked eye.  Torricelli was defining the properties of our atmosphere.  Harvey was learning how the 'human machine' functions.  Building on the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, they were changing the essence of the way we view our universe." 
1LEEUWENHOEK
1670 A.D.
Leeuwenhoek: "Much of the scientific world chose to look down their noses at me...you see, I was never trained as a scientist.  As a lens maker, however, my work was unparalleled.  Over the course of my life, I hand-ground more than 400 lenses, the smallest of which was the size of a pinhead.  My microscope opened a window to a new world.  From a single droplet of rain, I first discovered the huge number of 'animalcules,' as I called them, which lived within the water. These same forms I found inside the saliva of people and within the fluid of their organs.  I was the first person ever to see bacteria and the tiny protozoa.  I was able to dispel the ghastly theory of spontaneous generation...that flies are spontaneously created from the feces of animals.  The intricacies of a flea I find...fascinating." 
{TORRICELLI
1643 A.D.
Torricelli: "The great scientist, Galileo, was my mentor and inspiration...even before I had the opportunity to work for the man.  He had read a scientific paper of mine, and he had asked that I be employed as his secretary and assistant. Three months after I began the post, Galileo died.  I, however, continued on with his last great quest.  Galileo had a belief that no vacuum could exist in nature; he was mistaken.  I filled a thin glass tube with mercury...and observed that the mercury rose and fell -- on its own.  My barometer proved that the pressure of air was not constant and led the way for the forecasting of weather." 
HARVEY
1618 A.D.
Harvey: "If I were honest, I would have to admit that it was my clientele that allowed me to prosper in the way that I have.  As physician 'extraordinary' to King James the 1st, and then as personal physician to King Charles the 1st, I was afforded the means to pursue my scientific inquiries.  Before my research, no one believed that blood moved.  My greatest discovery was that the heart is the pump that pushes our blood through the circulatory system of our body." 
YNEWTON THE MAN
1642 A.D.
Newton: "Closeness with people has always been rather difficult for me.  I suppose one would say that I have few friends and rarely form meaningful relationships. Those close to me have had to accept the fact that my science is the prevailing entity in my life;  period. Earlier, however, I was very close with my mother.  After her passing...I isolated myself for over six years. I give credit where credit is due!  When thinking of the contributions that Galileo made to my personal research, I wrote, "If I have seen further than other men, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants." 
LAWS OF MOTION
1687 A.D.
Newton: "Published in 1687, my most important book 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy' contained my three laws of motion.  One - That a body remains at rest unless it is compelled to change that state by a force impressed upon it.  Two - That the change of motion is directly proportional to the force impressed on the body.  Three - That to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." 
)NEWTON'S VISION
1703 A.D.
Newton: "Rare as it is, I was fortunate to be honored during the course of my lifetime.  First elected to the Royal Society in 1703, I was re-elected every year thereafter.  I was knighted for my scientific achievements in 1705.  When asked about myself, I have said 'I do not know how I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been merely a child playing on the seashore, diverting myself, and now and then finding a pebble more smooth or a shell more beautiful than the others, while before me the ocean of truth lay all undiscovered." 
EINSTEIN
1933 A.D.
Einstein: "I thought you should know that, as a student in school, I never showed a great deal of...intellectual promise.  I did, however, show great promise on the violin, an instrument that I cherish.  With little more than a pad and a pencil as my laboratory, I formulated the theories in my first major paper, 'The Special Theory of Relativity,' while working as a junior clerk in Switzerland.  My most important paper was the 'General Theory of Relativity'.  In that paper I proposed that Newton's theories on the properties of light were incorrect.  As we now know, light can be affected by gravity; in theory, a beam of light could be turned in a complete circle.  Light does not follow a constant, true line -- as Newton proposed." 
{BELL
1876 A.D.
"Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland to a family of noted elocutionists. Young Alexander showed a remarkable gift for teaching the deaf to speak. He started his own school for the deaf in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 25. Bell's interest in speech and communication extended naturally into finding ways to transmit the human voice. The telephone was born when Bell and his partner, Thomas Watson, an electrical engineer, transformed the vibrations of the human voice into electric signals, then passed those signals along a wire, changing the pulses back into sound vibrations at the receiving end. Bell also invented the graphophone, an early device for recording sound, but his work with the deaf remained of prime importance throughout Bell's life. He once said that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone." 

DEDISON
1877 A.D.
"Thomas Alva Edison is synonymous with invention. He had 1,093 patents in his name by the time he died...among them the electric-light bulb, the phonograph and the first moving-picture camera. Left partially deaf from a childhood attack of scarlet fever, Edison was dismissed from school as retarded. His mother took over his education and it was she who inspired his limitless curiosity. He set up the world's first known industrial research laboratory (his "invention factory") in Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1876. Here he invented the phonograph and perfected the light bulb." 
THE FALLING APPLE
1687 A.D.
Newton: "It was an extremely commonplace event that inspired one of my most profound discoveries.  While sitting alone in my orchard, I observed an apple as it fell from a tree.  I wondered why it had fallen -- surmising that there must be a force, never before described.  I applied this theory to my laws of motion, conjecturing that this force must affect the planets as well.  I gave the name 'gravity' to this new force and in one fell swoop eliminated the absurd notion that the planets moved because of angels and demons in heaven!" 
PROJECTILE MOTION
1687 A.D.
Newton: "I used this diagram to show how the laws of motion would affect a projectile, fired at various speeds, from various heights.  If a projectile were launched at a great enough height, with enough velocity, it would become a satellite, circling the Earth like a moon.  Thus, I surmised that the laws which govern the speed of objects, and the rate at which they fall to the ground, also govern the motion of the planets." 
REFLECTING TELESCOPE
1704 A.D.
Newton: "In 1688, I constructed my first reflecting telescope.  Light is collected on a main mirror and reflected to a small flat mirror, which is set at a 45-degree angle.  This mirror reflects the image on to the magnifying eyepiece.  In 1704, I published 'Optics', my paper on the science of light.  In it, I theorized that light consisted of a flux of luminous particles." 
Narrator, "Newton's design of the reflecting telescope, and many of his theories on the properties of light, are accepted and in use today." 
yCLOUDS
1994 A.D.
"There is a wide variety in the types of clouds that fill our sky. Clouds over the seas differ from those over land.  Clouds over the tropics vary from clouds which float above the desert.  They trap heat beneath them, and reflect heat from the sun's rays back up into space.  Cloud structures are being used to examine and predict weather patterns on a large, global scale." 
vWEATHER SATELLITE VIEW
1994 A.D.
"From space, we can observe clouds billowing and swirling as they turn into the whirlpools of hurricanes and tornadoes.  From miles above, these images appear slow and gentle.  On Earth they usually indicate storm systems that can be violent and dangerous.  Huge patterns of clouds can span entire continents, serving as indicators of the land-based regions beneath them." 
BOB EATHER
1990 A.D.
"The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field creates a large magnetic cavity that is called the magnetosphere. Energy from the solar winds are dissipated by 'particle acceleration-precipitation.' The rate of energy dissipation is highly variable, with peak levels during geomagnetic storms. The degree to which the solar wind and magnetospheric conditions control the energy dissipation remains one of the major outstanding questions on magnetospheric physics." 

LAVOISIER
1775 A.D.
Lavoisier: "I witnessed an experiment that gave me a clue as to the properties of the air we breathe.  Heated mercury oxide produced a gas which caused a candle to burn more brightly.  I called the gas 'oxygen.' I discovered that air is principally a combination of two gases.  Seventy-eight percent of the air is nitrogen.  Twenty-one percent is oxygen.  The remaining one percent is composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and minute traces of gases like helium, neon, and ozone." 
hSPACE
1994 A.D.
"We live in the bottom layer of our atmosphere, the troposphere -- 80% of all gases and weather are here.  Next is the stratosphere --  7 to 31 miles (11 to 49 km) high, it contains 19% of the atmosphere's gases.  The ozone layer is located here. The mesosphere is the next -- 32 to 50 miles (51 to 80 km), the upper regions of the mesosphere's temperature dips down to 184 degrees Fahrenheit (84.5 degrees Celsius) below zero.  The thermosphere extends to the highest reaches -- 430 miles (688 km). The thermosphere is where meteorites burn up, where the space shuttle orbits and where the aurora lights the sky." 
~THE SUN
4.6 Billion B.C.
"The Sun is an average-sized star of the 'yellow dwarf' variety.  Roughly 4.6 billion years ago, the Sun was at the center of a churning cloud of gasses which became our solar system. The pressure in the center of this churning cloud, made up mostly of hydrogen, triggered a nuclear fusion reaction.  The temperature at the Sun's center is approximately 70 million degrees Fahrenheit (38 million degrees Celsius); the surface cools down to a mere 11,000 degrees (6,093 degrees Celsius).  No molecular solids could exist at such temperatures, so the Sun remains completely gaseous.  At the equator, the Sun rotates once every 27.4 days." 
 THIN BLUE LINE
1994 A.D.
"From space, the narrow layer of atmosphere so necessary to life on Earth, is a thin strip of white and blue.  This tiny thread of gases is all that stands between us -- and the deadly vacuum of space." 
bVOLCANOES
1994 A.D.
"In the area where they erupt, volcanoes are devastating forces of nature.  Globally, they send up huge plumes of smoke, ash, debris, and gas.  These elements circle the planet through the atmospheric currents and can block out the energy of the Sun.  In 1815, a volcano in Indonesia erupted and cast an area of almost 300 square miles (777 sq.km) into near darkness for three days.  The 'Agung' eruption (also in Indonesia, in 1963) was followed by large-scale global cooling.  Scientists speculate that this cooling was, in part, due to the volume of volcanic particles released into the upper atmosphere." 
yDISAPPEARING FOREST
1994 A.D.
"The burning of the rain forests and the over-cutting of trees may have a devastating effect on the Earth's atmosphere.  Plants contribute to the atmosphere in many ways.  They provide oxygen through photosynthesis, removing the poisonous gas, carbon dioxide, in the process.  They also hold carbon in their tissues, preventing its release into the atmosphere.  In some regions of the world, deforestation has led to massive soil erosion and flooding; it has increased the spread of deserts in other places.  It is estimated that the rain forests are being burned at the rate of over 100,000 square miles (259,000 sq.km) per year." 
9OZONE LAYER
1994 A.D.
"In the mid-1980's scientists observed readings from satellites that they, at first, thought must be a mistake.  About the size of the United States, a hole in the ozone layer had begun to grow over Antarctica.  Chemicals, largely released from product manufacturing processes, appear to be the cause.  A single chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules.  The fragile ozone layer is our only barrier from the cancer-causing ultraviolet rays of the Sun.  Governments around the world are trying to end the use of chemicals that are destroying the ozone layer." 
%L.A. SMOG
1994 A.D.
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have been burning fossil fuels at an alarming rate.  The burning of these fuels -- gas, oil, wood, and coal -- has increased 25% since the middle of the 19th century.  We are pumping about five billion tons (4.5 billion metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year.  We are changing the climate.  We are changing the makeup of the air we breathe.  Global warming is a danger that we need to address in our everyday life.  The earth is the giver of life -- she needs our help." 
