$  Polish commanders usually gained their experience in armies of Tsar's Russia, Hohhenzollern's Germany     $
$and Austro-Hungarian empire.  Although enriching the doctrine, it also threatened that obsolete solutions   $
$would be adopted.  Polish Army had an original commanding system.  The supreme commander issued orders for  $
$army commanders. Their margin of freedom was very constrained.  That illness was present at every level of  $
$commanding chain.  Non existence of corps commanding level impelled army commanders to co-ordinate actions  $
$of six to eight divisions and brigades, often in circumstances of lack of communisation with their HQ's.    $
$Army commanders, far behind the front, received out-of-date reports. Their orders also couldn't reach       $
$divisional HQ's on time.  As a substitute for corps HQ's, operational groups were raised.  Some of them,    $
$like gen. Thomme's Operational Group 'Piotrkow' were quite successful.                                      $
$There were many gifted commanders.  Their actions, although didn't stop the defeat, caused a lot of trouble $
$to the Germans.  We would like to mention gen. Schilling, commander of 'Krakow' Army, who managed to        $
$withdraw his army, constantly threatened with encirclement. His infantry units were not surrounded by faster,$
$armoured and motorised German troops.  The army resisted the superior German forces for three weeks.$
$  Col. Julian Filipowicz, commander of successful 'Wolynska' cavalry brigade also deserves the attention.   $
$The brigade for the whole day withstood the assault of German 4th Panzerdivision.  German casualties were   $
$much higher then Polish ones.  The brigade didn't lose its battle capabilities and fought until the end of  $
$September.                                                                                                  $
$  Col. Stanislaw Maczek, commander of 10th Motorised Brigade, exploited every opportunity to hold the German$
$advance, avoid German assaults and counterattack.  The brigade for five days successfully fought German     $
$armoured corps, enabling the withdrawal of 'Krakow' army.  Col. Maczek, in 1940  commanded 10th Armoured    $
$Brigade in France.  He proved his talent again at Falaise in 1944, where his 1st Polish. Armoured Division  $
$closed the salient, in which many German divisions withdrawing from western France were surrounded.         $
$  Col. Bronislaw Prugar-Ketling, commander of  11th Carpatian Infantry Division, introduced a commanding    $
$system, similar to that used by gen. Heinz Guderian.  In spite of lack of equipment and supply, the division$
$was able to destroy the SS Germania regiment.                                                               $
