⫠᪨  99/00
 ணࠬ஢
 ୨ 㪠
--------------------------------

              
- - - - - -  - - - - - - - -

    ஭㬥஢ ࠬ 1-9  㪢 a, b, c, d, e. -
     饭 ⮬᪮ ࠡ⪨ -
⮢ ୨.

     
- - - - - -
, 1999 (C) ..㢠

                                       砭  㡮
                                       ᢮,
                                       祫  ᮪
                                      﫮 祣.
                                                      ..誨


    ᠭ  ࣥ  --    襣 㭠 㪠-
-᪮.   ᠬ    㪠 த   -
,   쭥 ⮪  ࠭筮 ४ .   ⮬ -
 ,     .  稫   1984 .
   砫 㪠 (⮣  뢠  ࠪ) 㤨
  "-1256". 㤭 ⥯ ।⠢ ᥡ ⠪ -
 . ꥬ    ⨢  ⠢  4
! 쪮   襬 ? 8, 16, 32,    
64 ?  ன⢮    㦨   䮭.
䨪, 筮,  뫮   .    ᫮ -
 ࠡ  襬  .  ⮬ 뫨: "-226", "",
"-", "PC".


       
- - - - - - - -

    砥  ᥡ  祭  .
        ⠥,   ࠢ   -
⮫쪮, ᪮쪮  室  襭.

 1. (5 )

   ⮢ ப  -  ᫥⥫쭮  ᪮쪨 ᨬ-
. 㤥  殬 ப ᨬ ஡.  饭
 ᬮ७    ⨥ ⮩ ப.  ப
--  ⮥ , ⢨ - ᨬ.
    ᮥ  ⥪⮢ ப    ப -
 樥  ⥭樨.  筮       몠
ணࠬ஢ 砥  ⠪  ,     ᫮
 "+".

   ਬ 믮 樨 ⥭樨.
1) +  = 蠫
      ப.
2) ++ = 蠫
      ப    --  ᯮ-
    ""   "+".
3) + =
      ப.  --  ப.

4) +++ = 
    4  ப. ࢠ  ᫥, ᮥ塞 ப
   -- .

   砭.  ।,    । ᨬ, 室  
⠢ ப,  "+" .

   .
     ᯮ⥫  ன ப ᠭ ࠦ, -
饥   ப, ᮥ  ᮡ 樥 ⥭樨
"+".   ப   ,   묨. 
ப      ,      ᯮ  
몥  ⮪.    ஡ ࠦ   ⪮
 㡨.
   ந 㪠 樨   १.  砫-
  ᯮ⥫ ᯮ ᫥  .

     ਬ ࠡ ணࠬ.

 믮                 ᫥ ࠡ ணࠬ

   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0           1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
         
1                 1  ᳨泠   
         
2 +᳨+泠       2            
         


   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0           1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
         
1                 1  質    
         
2 ++++      2            
         

    ⠪ .


 2. (5 )

     ᨬ쭮 ப  :  "-".  
㤥 㤠  ப ᨬ,    ।. -
,
                     - = ப

   砭 1.   "-"    ப  ᬠਢ  
,    ᨬ ப.


   砭  2.   樨 "-"    ᠬ    
ப ( ப 祣  㤠)  ᠬ ᫥ (㤠-
 ᠬ ᫥ ᨬ).

   砭 3. 樨 "-"   ᫥  ப ,
 ,   "--" ᪫.

   .
     ᯮ⥫  ன ப ᠭ ࠦ, -
饥  ᨬ  ப    "-". ந 㪠
樨     १.   砫  ᯮ⥫
ᯮ ᫥  .


 3. (6 )

      2    饭 ᫥ ᪮쪨 
権 "-"  .    ⮬ 樨 믮 ᫥-
⥫쭮 ᫥ ࠢ.
   ਬ,  믮 ࢮ 樨 "-" ப "--"
ॢ    ப  "-".   믮 
権 -- ᫮ "".

   砭. 6     ⠢, ᫨ १-
   㯫. ਬ,

 믮                 ᫥ ࠡ ணࠬ

   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0           1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
         
1                 1       
         
2 --       2            
         


᫨  ணࠬ 㯫 :

   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0           1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
         
1                 1       
         
2 --       2            
         


    蠥  10.


                       
- - - - - - - - - - -   - - - - - - - - - - -

    襭      ⮩ ਨ, 室 
 -.
   ⥫쭠 ४:  ।  ணࠬ  
易⥫쭮  ࠬ 室   奬 ਫ
 襭   ⠢ .


 4 (5 )

। 1
-------------
<ணࠬ> := <>|<ணࠬ><>
<>   := <>|<>|<᫮>
<>    :=
<>   := 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
<᫮>  := <᫮><>
<᫮>   := |


砭.
- - - - -
    । ,  ⢨ - ᨬ -
 ४⭮ (⮩) ணࠬ.


ਬ ணࠬ

1)
2) 123
3) 1
4) 1


ਬ  ணࠬ

1) 1
2) 1
3) 


,    ணࠬ,  ।
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

   , ਬ, "1", "2", "3", "4"  --      ,
, ,  ᯮ⥫  ⮬  . , ᫮-
 "" ⨭, ᫨  ⪥  ,  ᫮ "" -
⨭, ᫨  ⪥  મ.

    ணࠬ  "1131"     ਢ筮  룫廊
⠪:



   


    砥 ᫥饥. ᯮ⥫ ६頥   -
 , ⥬ ஢,    ⪥ . ᫨ -
,  ६頥 ,  ⥬ . ᫨    -
, ᯮ⥫    ᬥ饭 .

ணࠬ "123" ॢ ⠪:


  
     


   ᯮ⥫  ᬥ頥   ஢,     ⪥
  મ ६. ᫨  ⠪,  ᬥ頥 .
  砥 ᯮ⥫ ⥬  ६頥      
.

   ଠ쭮 । ᪠ ணࠬ ⨯ "1", 
 祭  । 砥   ᠬ,  "1".
    ᠬ ,   । ணࠬ "1"  "1"
 ⫨  .
    ஢ઠ    ।.  ਬ,   ஢ન
"",  ᮢ襭  ⪮  ⮩,    (ᯮ⥫
⠯뢠  ),    ⪥ .
    ணࠬ "1"  ᬥ頥  ᯮ⥫   ⪨ 
⮩ (  ⪥ ⠥),   ணࠬ "1" -
⠢ ᯮ⥫        ⪨ (
  ⠯뢠).
    ࠧ, ,    । ண-
ࠬ   . ?   ࠧ.      
।,  ன । 믮 ணࠬ   -
 ࠡ  ᯮ⥫  ஢ப.
    ᥩ      ଠ쭠 ஭ . 㦭
 ᪨  ,     ண 㪠
ᬮ ஢  ᮮ⢥⢨     ᢮  
। 1.

   .  ணࠬ  㪠,   ஢,
        ணࠬ  ᫥ ।
1.
    砫    ᯮ⥫  ᯮ । 㡨 
  ன ப:
                         
   ᫨ ஢塞  - ணࠬ, ⠭ ᯮ⥫ 
 :
                         
   ᫨  -  ணࠬ, ⠢  ᯮ⥫  
 ᨬ:
                         
                           


 5 (8 )

। 2
-------------
<ணࠬ>   := <>|<ணࠬ><>
<>     := <>|<᫮>
<>     := 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
<᫮>    := <᮪饭>|<>
<᮪饭> := <᫮><>
<>      := <᮪饭><>
<᫮>     := |


   .  ணࠬ  㪠,   ஢,
        ணࠬ  ᫥ ।
2.
    砫    ᯮ⥫  ᯮ । 㡨 
  ன ப:
                         
   ᫨ ஢塞  - ணࠬ, ⠭ ᯮ⥫ 
 :
                         
   ᫨  -  ணࠬ, ⠢  ᯮ⥫  
 ᨬ:
                         
                           

   ⥫쭮  ࠧࠡ⪥ ᪮  ਤ㬠
।, ᯮ⥫,    ࠡ   ஢ப,
   ᮤঠ⥫ 祭 ᥬ 몠  
᪮쪮 ணࠬ-ਬ஢  ଠ쭮 樨 । 2 
  祭.


 6 (6 )

। 3
-------------
<⥪>       := <᫮>.|<᫮><ࠧ⥫><⥪>
<ࠧ⥫> := _|,
<᫮>       := <㪢>|<᫮><㪢>
<㪢>       := |

   .  ணࠬ  㪠,   ஢,
      ⥪⮬  ᫥ । 3.
    砫    ᯮ⥫  ᯮ । 㡨 
  ன ப:
                         
   ᫨ ஢塞  - ⥪, ⠭ ᯮ⥫  -
 :
                         
   ᫨  -   ⥪, ⠢ ᯮ⥫   -
 ᨬ:
                         
                           

 7 (7 )
     ।   6 ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡   
।:

   1) ⥪ ᥣ  稭 ᫮, ࢠ 㪢 ண -
      ,   ⥪ 易 稭  㪢 ""  "";
   2)  ⥪  㪢   ;
   3) ᫮      㪢.

    ணࠬ  㪠,  ஢,  
     ⥪⮬  ᫥  ।.
    砫    ᯮ⥫  ᯮ । 㡨 
  ன ப:
                         
   ᫨ ஢塞  - ⥪, ⠭ ᯮ⥫  -
 :
                         
   ᫨  -   ⥪, ⠢ ᯮ⥫   -
 ᨬ:
                         
                           


                   
- - - - - - - - -   - - - - - - - - -

   ﭨ   㪠  ᢮ 蠣. , -
ﭨ   ᥤ ⪠  ⨪   -
⠫ ࠢ 1.  㪠 㦭  ᤥ  ஢    蠣,
⮡ ன   ⠪ ⪨-窨  .   -
ﭨ    ᥤ ⪠   ࠢ 2! 
࠭  ᯮ⥫ .
    ,   ⪨      㪠  -
 ᠬ 㤫 ࠧ.    ਬ,  塞
ﭨ 蠣  ᯮ⥫,     襥 ᫮
蠣     ,  ஥   ᤥ ᯮ⥫,
⮡    ⪨  .


 8 (4 )

   ࠧ     ᯮ⥫   㡨   㪢
"":

   1) 㦭 ࠤ 1;
   2)  ࠤ 1;
   3) 㦭 ࠤ 2;
   4)  ࠤ 2;
   5) ᪮  祪, 㤠  1  쭮
      楯窨 ⮪, ⮩  ⪨ (1,1);
   6) ᪮  祪, 㤠  2  쭮
      楯窨 ⮪, ⮩  ⪨ (1,1);
   7) ࠢ஭ 㣮쭨  ஭, ࠢ 2;
   8) ࠢ஭ 㣮쭨  ஭, ࠢ 3;
   9) ࠢ஭ 㣮쭨  ஭, ࠢ 4.


    ᫥   ⠥,  ࠧ  ⮫쪮
让, ᪮쪮  室  襭,  ࠩ  -
 ⠪     ࠡ  ᯮ⥫,    -
⢨   뢠.

 9 (8 )

   㡨 a, b     ࠧ   ࠢ७ 㣮쭨
(஭ ca   ⨪). ᯮ⥫ ᯮ 
௥, ஢  設 b  ஭ ac, ࠧ 
設 b.  窠 a ⮨  窨 c    㪠 蠣.
 ਢ ਬ  砫 ⠭:

 믮 ணࠬ

                                
        
   c           c               
        
  b         b         b      
        
   a           a           a    
        

   .  ணࠬ,  ࠧ 窨 a  c 
㦭  業஬   । 室 १ ac  ࠤᮬ
ࠢ  ௥, 饭  設  㣮쭨
b  ஭  ac.  ᫥ 믮 ணࠬ ᯮ⥫ 
ᯮ  業 㦭:

᫥ 믮 ணࠬ

        
                           c    
        
               c                
        
   c                            
        
  b         b         b      
        
   a                            
        
               a                
        
                           c    
        


 a (8 )

    㡨   ࠧ ࠢ७ 㣮쭨  -
 ᭮, ࠢ  蠣 ᯮ⥫. ᭮ 
 ⨪.  ᯮ⥫ ᯮ  , ஢-
  ᭮, ࠧ   設,   ன 饭 .
 㣮쭨   90 ࠤᮢ  ᮢ ५  -
 ᯮ⥫ ⠪,  ⮡    設 ⮣ -
㣮쭨 ࠧ뢠 ஬.  㭪 ਬ஢ 
ﭨ ।   ᫥ 믮 ணࠬ.


 믮 ணࠬ

        
                                   
        
    *            *            *    
        
   *          *          *      
        
    *            *            *    
        

᫥ 믮 ணࠬ

        
                              *    
        
                 *                 
        
    *                              
        
   * *          * *          * *   
        
                                  
        
                                  
        
                                  
        Ĵ


 b (8 )

   ࠢ  ᯮ⥫ 室 㯯  ᪮쪮 㡨.
      㯯  "ࠫ쭮"    ⮫쪮  ப ,
᪮쪮 㡨  㯯.


 믮 ணࠬ

        
 1                                 
        
 2                                 
        
 3 *          **         ***    
        
 4                                 
        

᫥ 믮 ணࠬ

        
 1                                 
        
 2                                 
        
 3                                 
        
 4  *                              
        
 5              **                 
        
 6                          ***    
        


 c (8 )

   ࠢ   ᯮ⥫ 室 㯯  ᪮쪮 㡨.
ࠧ   㡨 ᥭ   ⮩ 㯥쪨   蠣 
ਭ --    蠣  㪠.  ᯮ⥫   ࠡ
ࠦ  , ⥫ 㯥.
    㭪 ਬ஢  ﭨ ।   -
 믮 ணࠬ.
   ᯮ 祭 ᥭ     祭.

 믮 ணࠬ

        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
   *          **         ***    
        

᫥ 믮 ணࠬ

        
                                  
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                             *    
        
                                   
        
                *           *     
        
                                   
        
    *           *           *      
        
                                   
        


 d (10 )

    ।      ᫮,    ᥭ 
 㯥 ࠧ஬   蠣 ᯮ⥫   , ⠪
  ਭ.


 믮 ணࠬ

        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
   *          **         ***    
        

᫥ 믮 ணࠬ

        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                   
        
                                  
        
                             *    
        
                *           *     
        
    *           *           *      
        
                                   
        


     e  (10 ) ਤ㬠 ᢮ ᮡ⢥   
㪠,   ᫮  襭.     -
। ਣ쭮 ᫮  ⢮ 襭.
