


TWM(1)                                                                 TWM(1)



NAME
  twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

SYNTAX

  ttwwmm [-display _d_p_y] [-s] [-f _i_n_i_t_f_i_l_e] [-v]

DESCRIPTION

  _T_w_m is a window manager for the X Window System.  It provides titlebars,
  shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro func-
  tions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified
  key and pointer button bindings.

  This program is usually started by the user's session manager or startup
  script.  When used from _x_d_m(_1) or _x_i_n_i_t(_1) without a session manager, _t_w_m
  is frequently executed in the foreground as the last client.  When run this
  way, exiting _t_w_m causes the session to be terminated (i.e. logged out).

  By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame'' with a
  titlebar at the top and a special border around the window.  The titlebar
  contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is
  receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as ``titlebuttons'' at
  the left and right edges of the titlebar.

  Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has been
  changed with _x_m_o_d_m_a_p) on a titlebutton will invoke the function associated
  with the button.  In the default interface, windows are iconified by click-
  ing (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which
  looks like a Dot).  Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking in the
  associated icon or entry in the icon manager (see description of the vari-
  able SShhoowwIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr and of the function ff..sshhoowwiiccoonnmmggrr).

  Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles a
  group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be
  moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the
  desired size.  Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or
  highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then
  releasing when the outline is in the desired position.  Just clicking in
  the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.

  When new windows are created, _t_w_m will honor any size and location informa-
  tion requested by the user (usually through -_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y command line argument
  or resources for the individual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the
  window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window into a
  3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed.  Clicking pointer Button1
  will position the window at the current position and give it the default
  size.  Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and
  dragging the outline will give the window its current position but allow
  the sides to be resized as described above.  Clicking pointer Button3 (usu-
  ally the right pointer button) will give the window its current position
  but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.

OPTIONS
  _T_w_m accepts the following command line options:

  --ddiissppllaayy _d_p_y
          This option specifies the X server to use.

  --ss      This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by
          --ddiissppllaayy or by the DDIISSPPLLAAYY environment variable) should be managed.
          By default, _t_w_m will attempt to manage all screens on the display.

  --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
          This option specifies the name of the startup file to use.  By
          default, _t_w_m will look in the user's home directory for files named
          ._t_w_m_r_c._n_u_m (where _n_u_m is a screen number) or ._t_w_m_r_c.

  --vv      This option indicates that _t_w_m should print error messages whenever
          an unexpected X Error event is received.  This can be useful when
          debugging applications but can be distracting in regular use.

CUSTOMIZATION

  Much of _t_w_m's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a
  startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for each
  screen being managed when _t_w_m begins):

  $$HHOOMMEE//$_L_A_N_G(_f_u_l_l-_n_a_m_e)//..ttwwmmrrcc.._s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m_b_e_r
          The $_L_A_N_G(_f_u_l_l-_n_a_m_e) is the name of the predefined setting for
          locale. If the value of locale is set, Multibyte string can use in
          the startup file. Locale has a expression style as
          "lang_territory.codeset".  For example:

               wr_WR.ct
               ja_JP.ujis
               zh_CN.ugb
               ko_KR.euc

          The _s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m_b_e_r is a small positive number (e.g 0, 1, etc.)
          representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the DISPLAY
          environments variable _h_o_s_t:_d_i_s_p_l_a_y_n_u_m._s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m) that would be used
          to contact that screen of the display.  This is intended for
          displays with multiple screens of differing visual types.

  $$HHOOMMEE//$$LLAANNGG((ffuullll--nnaammee))//..ttwwmmrrcc

  $$HHOOMMEE//$_L_A_N_G(_n_o_n-_c_o_d_e_s_e_t)//..ttwwmmrrcc..ssccrreeeennnnuummbbeerr
          The  $_L_A_N_G(_n_o_n-_c_o_d_e_s_e_t) means a abbreviation of codeset in the
          locale. For example:

               wr_WR
               ja_JP
               zh_CN
               ko_KR


  $$HHOOMMEE//$$LLAANNGG((nnoonn--ccooddeesseett))//..ttwwmmrrcc

  $$HHOOMMEE//..ttwwmmrrcc..ssccrreeeennnnuummbbeerr

  $$HHOOMMEE//..ttwwmmrrcc
          This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.

  //uussrr//lliibb//XX1111//$$LLAANNGG((ffuullll--nnaammee))//ssyysstteemm..ttwwmmrrcc

  //uussrr//lliibb//XX1111//$$LLAANNGG((nnoonn--ccooddeesseett))//ttwwmm//ssyysstteemm..ttwwmmrrcc

  //uussrr//lliibb//XX1111//ttwwmm//ssyysstteemm..ttwwmmrrcc
          If neither of the preceding files are found, _t_w_m will look in one
          of these three files for a default configuration.  This is often
          tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or
          familiar bindings for novice users.


  If no startup files are found, _t_w_m will use the built-in defaults described
  above.  The only resource used by _t_w_m is _b_i_t_m_a_p_F_i_l_e_P_a_t_h for a colon-
  separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap files (for
  more information, see the _A_t_h_e_n_a _W_i_d_g_e_t_s manual and _x_r_d_b(_1)).

  _T_w_m startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifica-
  tions:  _V_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s, _B_i_n_d_i_n_g_s, _M_e_n_u_s.  The _V_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s section must come first
  and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and
  window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use
  of the icon manager.  The _B_i_n_d_i_n_g_s section usually comes second and is used
  to specify the functions that should be to be invoked when keyboard and
  pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames.  The
  _M_e_n_u_s section gives any user-defined menus (containing functions to be
  invoked or commands to be executed).

  Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive.  Strings must be sur-
  rounded by double quote characters (e.g. "blue") and are case-sensitive.  A
  pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the line in
  which the character appears to be treated as a comment.

VARIABLES

  Many of the aspects of _t_w_m's user interface are controlled by variables
  that may be set in the user's startup file.  Some of the options are
  enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword.  Other
  options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.

  Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a
  newline.  For example:

       AAuuttooRRaaiissee { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }

  or

       AAuuttooRRaaiissee
       {
               "emacs"
               "XTerm"
               "Xmh"
       }

  When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is
  searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as shown
  above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the window's
  name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name
  (both given by the WM_CLASS window property).  The preceding example would
  enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as well as any _x_t_e_r_m (since
  they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows (which are of class ``Xmh'').

  String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the PPiixxmmaappss, CCuurr--
  ssoorrss, and IIccoonnDDiirreeccttoorryy below) will prepend the user's directory (specified
  by the HHOOMMEE environment variable) if the first character is a tilde (~).
  If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to
  refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create the default
  titlebars symbols:  ::xxllooggoo or ::iiccoonniiffyy (both refer to the X used for the
  iconify button), ::rreessiizzee (the nested squares used by the resize button),
  and ::qquueessttiioonn (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).

  The following variables may be specified at the top of a _t_w_m startup file.
  Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t.  Optional
  arguments are shown in square brackets:

  AAuuttooRRaaiissee {{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of windows that should automatically
          be raised whenever the pointer enters the window.  This action can
          be interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using
          the function ff..aauuttoorraaiissee.

  AAuuttooRReellaattiivveeRReessiizzee
          This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either
          when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when
          resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the win-
          dow edges.  pInstead, moving the pointer automatically causes the
          nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount.  This allows the
          resizing of windows that extend off the edge of the screen.  If the
          pointer is in the center of the window, or if the resize is begun
          by pressing a titlebutton, _t_w_m will still wait for the pointer to
          cross a window edge (to prevent accidents).  This option is partic-
          ularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of
          sweeping out window sizes.

  BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the default color of the border to be
          placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be given
          within a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t
          specifies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying par-
          ticular border colors for different types of windows.  For example:

               BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr "gray50"
               {
                       "XTerm" "red"
                       "xmh"   "green"
               }

          The default is "black".

  BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the default background color in the gray
          pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NNooHHiigghhlliigghhtt hasn't
          been set), and may only be given within a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.
          The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t allows per-window colors to be specified.
          The default  is "white".

  BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray
          pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NNooHHiigghhlliigghhtt hasn't
          been set), and may only be given within a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.
          The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t allows per-window colors to be specified.
          The default is "black".

  BBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surround-
          ing all client window frames if CClliieennttBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh has not been
          specified.  This value is also used to set the border size of win-
          dows created by _t_w_m (such as the icon manager).  The default is 2.

  BBuuttttoonnIInnddeenntt _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be
          indented on all sides.  Positive values cause the buttons to be
          smaller than the window text and highlight area so that they stand
          out.  Setting this and the TTiittlleeBBuuttttoonnBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh variables to 0
          makes titlebuttons be as tall and wide as possible.  The default is
          1.

  CClliieennttBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh
          This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame
          should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather
          than to the value of BBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh.

  CCoolloorr {{ _c_o_l_o_r_s-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if
          the default display is capable of displaying more than simple black
          and white.  The _c_o_l_o_r_s-_l_i_s_t is made up of the following color vari-
          ables and their values: DDeeffaauullttBBaacckkggrroouunndd, DDeeffaauullttFFoorreeggrroouunndd, MMeennuu--
          BBaacckkggrroouunndd, MMeennuuFFoorreeggrroouunndd, MMeennuuTTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd, MMeennuuTTiittlleeFFoorree--
          ggrroouunndd, and MMeennuuSShhaaddoowwCCoolloorr.  The following color variables may
          also be given a list of window and color name pairs to allow per-
          window colors to be specified (see BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr for details): BBoorr--
          ddeerrCCoolloorr, IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrHHiigghhlliigghhtt, BBoorrddeerrTTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd, BBoorrddeerr--
          TTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd, TTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd, TTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd, IIccoonnBBaacckkggrroouunndd,
          IIccoonnFFoorreeggrroouunndd, IIccoonnBBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr, IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrBBaacckkggrroouunndd, and IIccoonn--
          MMaannaaggeerrFFoorreeggrroouunndd.  For example:

               CCoolloorr
               {
                       MenuBackground          "gray50"
                       MenuForeground          "blue"
                       BorderColor                     "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
                       TitleForeground         "yellow"
                       TitleBackground         "blue"
               }

          All of these color variables may also be specified for the MMoonnoo--
          cchhrroommee variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used
          on both color and monochrome displays.

  CCoonnssttrraaiinneeddMMoovveeTTiimmee _m_i_l_l_i_s_e_c_o_n_d_s
          This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks
          needed to begin a constrained move operation.  Double clicking
          within this amount of time when invoking ff..mmoovvee will cause the win-
          dow only be moved in a horizontal or vertical direction.  Setting
          this value to 0 will disable constrained moves.  The default is 400
          milliseconds.

  CCuurrssoorrss {{ _c_u_r_s_o_r-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies the glyphs that _t_w_m should use for various
          pointer cursors.  Each cursor may be defined either from the ccuurrssoorr
          font or from two bitmap files.  Shapes from the ccuurrssoorr font may be
          specified directly as:

                       _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e      "_s_t_r_i_n_g"

          where _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e is one of the cursor names listed below, and
          _s_t_r_i_n_g is the name of a glyph as found in the file
          /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the ``XC_'' prefix).  If the
          cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is
          used instead:

                       _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e      "_i_m_a_g_e" "_m_a_s_k"

          The _i_m_a_g_e and _m_a_s_k strings specify the names of files containing
          the glyph image and mask in _b_i_t_m_a_p(_1) form.  The bitmap files are
          located in the same manner as icon bitmap files.  The following
          example shows the default cursor definitions:

               CCuurrssoorrss
               {
                       Frame           "top_left_arrow"
                       Title           "top_left_arrow"
                       Icon            "top_left_arrow"
                       IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
                       Move            "fleur"
                       Resize          "fleur"
                       Menu            "sb_left_arrow"
                       Button          "hand2"
                       Wait            "watch"
                       Select          "dot"
                       Destroy "pirate"
               }


  DDeeccoorraatteeTTrraannssiieennttss
          This variable indicates that transient windows (those containing a
          WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars.  By default,
          transients are not reparented.

  DDeeffaauullttBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing
          and information windows.  The default is "white".

  DDeeffaauullttFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing
          and information windows.  The default is "black".

  DDoonnttIIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg {{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconi-
          fied by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case if IIccoonn--
          iiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg had been set).  This is frequently used to force
          some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled
          by the icon manager.

  DDoonnttMMoovveeOOffff
          This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be
          moved off the screen.  It can be overridden by the ff..ffoorrcceemmoovvee
          function.

  DDoonnttSSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to
          their minimum size as described under SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee below.  If the
          optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be
          prevented from being squeezed.

  FFoorrcceeIIccoonnss
          This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the IIccoonnss
          variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.

  FFrraammeePPaaddddiinngg _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decora-
          tions (the button and text) and the window frame.  The default is 2
          pixels.

  IIccoonnBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may only
          be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The optional
          _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that per-window
          colors may be specified.  See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a com-
          plete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t.  The default is "white".

  IIccoonnBBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon win-
          dows, and may only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee
          list.  The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors
          so that per-window colors may be specified.  See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr
          variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t. The default is
          "black".

  IIccoonnBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
          surrounding icon windows.  The default is 2.

  IIccoonnDDiirreeccttoorryy _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if if
          a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in the bbiitt--
          mmaappFFiilleePPaatthh resource.

  IIccoonnFFoonnttSSeett _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names
          within icons.  The default is "variable".

  IIccoonnFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
          displaying icons, and may only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or
          MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names
          and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.  See the
          BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t.
          The default is "black".

  IIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being
          unmapped without trying to map any icons.  This assumes that the
          user is will remap the window through the icon manager, the
          ff..wwaarrppttoo function, or the _T_w_m_W_i_n_d_o_w_s menu.  If the optional _w_i_n-
          _l_i_s_t is provided, only those windows will be iconified by simply
          unmapping.  Windows that have both this and the IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww
          options set may not be accessible if no binding to the _T_w_m_W_i_n_d_o_w_s
          menu is set in the user's startup file.

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the background color to use for icon
          manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or
          MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names
          and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.  See the
          BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t.
          The default is "white".

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display
          any windows.  If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows
          will not be displayed.  This variable is used to prevent windows
          that are rarely iconified (such as _x_c_l_o_c_k or _x_l_o_a_d) from taking up
          space in the icon manager.

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrFFoonnttSSeett _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon
          manager entries.  The default is "variable".

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
          displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside
          of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of
          window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
          See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a complete description of the
          _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t.  The default is "black".

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrGGeeoommeettrryy _s_t_r_i_n_g [[ _c_o_l_u_m_n_s ]]
          This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window.
          The _s_t_r_i_n_g argument is standard geometry specification that indi-
          cates the initial full size of the icon manager.  The icon manager
          window is then broken into _c_o_l_u_m_n_s pieces and scaled according to
          the number of entries in the icon manager.  Extra entries are
          wrapped to form additional rows.  The default number of columns is
          1.

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrHHiigghhlliigghhtt _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlight-
          ing the icon manager entry that currently has the focus, and can
          only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The
          optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that
          per-window colors may be specified.  See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable
          for a complete description of the _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t.  The default is
          "black".

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrss {{ _i_c_o_n_m_g_r-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create.  Each
          item in the _i_c_o_n_m_g_r-_l_i_s_t has the following format:

                       "_w_i_n_n_a_m_e" ["_i_c_o_n_n_a_m_e"]  "_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y" _c_o_l_u_m_n_s

          where _w_i_n_n_a_m_e is the name of the windows that should be put into
          this icon manager, _i_c_o_n_n_a_m_e is the name of that icon manager
          window's icon, _g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y is a standard geometry specification, and
          _c_o_l_u_m_n_s is the number of columns in this icon manager as described
          in IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrGGeeoommeettrryy.  For example:

               IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrss
               {
                       "XTerm" "=300x5+800+5"  5
                       "myhost"        "=400x5+100+5"  2
               }

          Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry created
          in the ``XTerm'' icon manager.  Clients whose name was ``myhost''
          would be put into the ``myhost'' icon manager.

  IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrSShhooww {{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in the
          icon manager.  When used in conjunction with the IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr--
          DDoonnttSShhooww variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in
          the icon manager.

  IIccoonnRReeggiioonn _g_e_o_m_s_t_r_i_n_g _v_g_r_a_v _h_g_r_a_v _g_r_i_d_w_i_d_t_h _g_r_i_d_h_e_i_g_h_t
          This variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons
          are placed if no specific icon location is provided by the client.
          The _g_e_o_m_s_t_r_i_n_g is a quoted string containing a standard geometry
          specification.  If more than one IIccoonnRReeggiioonn lines are given, icons
          will be put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is
          full.  The _v_g_r_a_v argument should be either NNoorrtthh or SSoouutthh and con-
          trol and is used to control whether icons are first filled in from
          the top or bottom of the icon region.  Similarly, the _h_g_r_a_v argu-
          ment should be either EEaasstt or WWeesstt and is used to control whether
          icons should be filled in from left from the right.  Icons are laid
          out within the region in a grid with cells _g_r_i_d_w_i_d_t_h pixels wide
          and _g_r_i_d_h_e_i_g_h_t pixels high.

  IIccoonnss {{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap
          filenames that should be used as their icons.  For example:

               IIccoonnss
               {
                       "XTerm" "xterm.icon"
                       "xfd"           "xfd_icon"
               }

          Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconified by unmap-
          ping, and would try to use the icon bitmap in the file
          ``xterm.icon''.  If FFoorrcceeIIccoonnss is specified, this bitmap will be
          used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.

  IInntteerrppoollaatteeMMeennuuCCoolloorrss
          This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpo-
          lated between entry specified colors.  In the example below:

               MMeennuu "mymenu"
               {
                       "Title"         ("black":"red")         f.title
                       "entry1"                                f.nop
                       "entry2"                                f.nop
                       "entry3"        ("white":"green")       f.nop
                       "entry4"                                f.nop
                       "entry5"        ("red":"white")         f.nop
               }

          the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be inter-
          polated between black and white, and the background colors between
          red and green.  Similarly, the foreground for ``entry4'' will be
          half-way between white and red, and the background will be half-way
          between green and white.

  MMaakkeeTTiittllee {{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar
          should be placed and is used to request titles on specific windows
          when NNooTTiittllee has been set.

  MMaaxxWWiinnddoowwSSiizzee _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height
          give the maximum size for a given window.  This is typically used
          to restrict windows to the size of the screen.  The default is
          "30000x30000".

  MMeennuuBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and
          can only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The
          default is "white".

  MMeennuuFFoonnttSSeett _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus.  The
          default is "variable".

  MMeennuuFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and
          can only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The
          default is "black".

  MMeennuuSShhaaddoowwCCoolloorr _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down
          menus and can only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee
          list.  The default is "black".

  MMeennuuTTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the background color for ff..ttiittllee entries in
          menus, and can only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee
          list.  The default is "white".

  MMeennuuTTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the foreground color for ff..ttiittllee entries in
          menus and can only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee
          list.  The default is "black".

  MMoonnoocchhrroommee {{ _c_o_l_o_r_s }}
          This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be
          made if the screen has a depth of 1.  See the description of
          CCoolloorrss.

  MMoovveeDDeellttaa _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must move
          before the ff..mmoovvee function starts working.  Also see the
          ff..ddeellttaassttoopp function.  The default is zero pixels.

  NNooBBaacckkiinnggSSttoorree
          This variable indicates that _t_w_m's menus should not request backing
          store to minimize repainting of menus.  This is typically used with
          servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store.

  NNooCCaasseeSSeennssiittiivvee
          This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting
          icon names in an icon manager.  This option is typically used with
          applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon name.

  NNooDDeeffaauullttss
          This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not supply the default
          titlebuttons and bindings.  This option should only be used if the
          startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and defini-
          tions.

  NNooGGrraabbSSeerrvveerr
          This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not grab the server when
          popping up menus and moving opaque windows.

  NNooHHiigghhlliigghhtt [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to
          track the location of the pointer.  If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is
          given, highlighting will only be disabled for those windows.  When
          the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current BBoorrddeerr--
          CCoolloorr.  When the border is not highlighted, it will be stippled
          with an gray pattern using the current BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd and
          BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd colors.

  NNooIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrss
          This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.

  NNooMMeennuuSShhaaddoowwss
          This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows
          drawn behind them.  This is typically used with slower servers
          since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the menu
          slightly harder to read.

  NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnDDeeiiccoonniiffyy
          This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should
          not be raised.

  NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnMMoovvee
          This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
          moved.  This is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath
          each other.

  NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnRReessiizzee
          This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
          resized.  This is typically used to allow windows to be resized
          underneath each other.

  NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnWWaarrpp
          This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the
          pointer is warped into them with the ff..wwaarrppttoo function.  If this
          option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the
          pointer ending up in the occluding window instead the desired win-
          dow (which causes unexpected behavior with ff..wwaarrpprriinngg).

  NNooSSaavveeUUnnddeerrss
          This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders
          to minimize window repainting following menu selection.  It is typ-
          ically used with displays that can repaint faster than they can
          handle save-unders.

  NNooSSttaacckkMMooddee [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that client window requests to change
          stacking order should be ignored.  If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is
          given, only requests on those windows will be ignored.  This is
          typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly popping
          themselves to the front of the window stack.

  NNooTTiittllee [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars.  If
          the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will not have
          titlebars.  MMaakkeeTTiittllee may be used with this option to force
          titlebars to be put on specific windows.

  NNooTTiittlleeFFooccuuss
          This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not set keyboard input
          focus to each window as it is entered.  Normally, _t_w_m sets the
          focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon
          managers are delivered to the application.  If the pointer is moved
          quickly and _t_w_m is slow to respond, input can be directed to the
          old window instead of the new.  This option is typically used to
          prevent this ``input lag'' and to work around bugs in older appli-
          cations that have problems with focus events.

  NNooTTiittlleeHHiigghhlliigghhtt [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar,
          which is used to indicate the window that currently has the input
          focus, should not be displayed.  If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given,
          only those windows will not have highlight areas.  This and the
          SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee options can be set to substantially reduce the amount
          of screen space required by titlebars.

  OOppaaqquueeMMoovvee
          This variable indicates that the ff..mmoovvee function should actually
          move the window instead of just an outline so that the user can
          immediately see what the window will look like in the new position.
          This option is typically used on fast displays (particularly if
          NNooGGrraabbSSeerrvveerr is set).

  PPiixxmmaappss {{ _p_i_x_m_a_p_s }}
          This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appear-
          ance of various images.  Each entry is a keyword indicating the
          pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap
          file.  The following pixmaps may be specified:

               PPiixxmmaappss
               {
                       TitleHighlight  "gray1"
               }

          The default for _T_i_t_l_e_H_i_g_h_l_i_g_h_t is to use an even stipple pattern.

  RRaannddoommPPllaacceemmeenntt
          This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry
          should be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having the
          user drag out an outline.

  RReessiizzeeFFoonnttSSeett _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions
          window when resizing windows.  The default is "fixed".

  RReessttaarrttPPrreevviioouussSSttaattee
          This variable indicates that _t_w_m should attempt to use the WM_STATE
          property on client windows to tell which windows should be iconi-
          fied and which should be left visible.  This is typically used to
          try to regenerate the state that the screen was in before the pre-
          vious window manager was shutdown.

  SSaavveeCCoolloorr {{ _c_o_l_o_r_s-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as
          pixel values in the root window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS.
          Clients may elect to preserve these values when installing their
          own colormap.  Note that use of this mechanism is a way an for
          application to avoid the "technicolor" problem, whereby useful
          screen objects such as window borders and titlebars disappear when
          a programs custom colors are installed by the window manager.  For
          example:

               SSaavveeCCoolloorr
               {
                       BorderColor
                       TitleBackground
                       TitleForeground
                       "red"
                       "green"
                       "blue"
               }

          This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and
          titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken from the
          default colormap.

  SShhoowwIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr
          This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be
          displayed when _t_w_m is started.  It can always be brought up using
          the ff..sshhoowwiiccoonnmmggrr function.

  SSoorrttIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr
          This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be
          sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new windows
          to the end.

  SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee [[{{ _s_q_u_e_e_z_e-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that _t_w_m should attempt to use the SHAPE
          extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as
          they need, rather than extending all the way across the top of the
          window.  The optional _s_q_u_e_e_z_e-_l_i_s_t may be used to control the loca-
          tion of the squeezed titlebar along the top of the window.  It con-
          tains entries of the form:

                       "_n_a_m_e"          _j_u_s_t_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n   _n_u_m     _d_e_n_o_m

          where _n_a_m_e is a window name, _j_u_s_t_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n is either lleefftt, cceenntteerr,
          or rriigghhtt, and _n_u_m and _d_e_n_o_m are numbers specifying a ratio giving
          the relative position about which the titlebar is justified.  The
          ratio is measured from left to right if the numerator is positive,
          and right to left if negative.  A denominator of 0 indicates that
          the numerator should be measured in pixels.  For convenience, the
          ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for cceenntteerr and -1/1 for rriigghhtt.  For
          example:

               SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee
               {
                       "XTerm" left            0       0
                       "xterm1"        left            1       3
                       "xterm2"        left            2       3
                       "oclock"        center          0       0
                       "emacs" right           0       0
               }

          The DDoonnttSSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee list can be used to turn off squeezing on
          certain titles.

  SSttaarrttIIccoonniiffiieedd [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that client windows should initially be
          left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user.  If the
          optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will be started
          iconic.  This is useful for programs that do not support an -_i_c_o_n_i_c
          command line option or resource.

  TTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and
          may only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The
          optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that
          per-window colors may be specified.  The default is "white".

  TTiittlleeBBuuttttoonnBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surround-
          ing titlebuttons.  This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons
          to take up as much space as possible and to not have a border.  The
          default is 1.

  TTiittlleeFFoonnttSSeett _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the font to used for displaying window
          names in titlebars.  The default is "variable".

  TTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and
          may only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.  The
          optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so that
          per-window colors may be specified.  The default is "black".

  TTiittlleePPaaddddiinngg _p_i_x_e_l_s
          This variable specifies the distance between the various buttons,
          text, and highlight areas in the titlebar.  The default is 8 pix-
          els.

  UUnnkknnoowwnnIIccoonn _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be used as
          the default icon.  This bitmap will be used as the icon of all
          clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in
          the IIccoonnss list.

  UUsseePPPPoossiittiioonn _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This variable specifies whether or not _t_w_m should honor program-
          requested locations (given by the PPPPoossiittiioonn flag in the
          WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-specified posi-
          tion.  The argument _s_t_r_i_n_g may have one of three values:  ""ooffff""
          (the default) indicating that _t_w_m should ignore the program-
          supplied position, ""oonn"" indicating that the position should be
          used, and ""nnoonn--zzeerroo"" indicating that the position should used if it
          is other than (0,0).  The latter option is for working around a bug
          in older toolkits.

  WWaarrppCCuurrssoorr [[{{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}]]
          This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into win-
          dows when they are deiconified.  If the optional _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t is given,
          the pointer will only be warped when those windows are deiconified.

  WWiinnddoowwRRiinngg {{ _w_i_n-_l_i_s_t }}
          This variable specifies a list of windows along which the
          ff..wwaarrpprriinngg function cycles.

  WWaarrppUUnnmmaappppeedd
          This variable indicates that the ff..wwaarrppttoo function should deiconify
          any iconified windows it encounters.  This is typically used to
          make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such as _x_m_h),
          no matter where it is.  The default is for ff..wwaarrppttoo to ignore icon-
          ified windows.

  XXoorrVVaalluuee _n_u_m_b_e_r
          This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window out-
          lines for moving and resizing.  This should be set to a value that
          will result in a variety of of distinguishable colors when
          exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical screen.
          Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results if adjacent
          colors in the default colormap are distinct.  By default, _t_w_m will
          attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end of
          the colormap from the graphics.

  ZZoooomm [[ _c_o_u_n_t ]]
          This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a win-
          dow to and from its iconified state should be displayed whenever a
          window is iconified or deiconified.  The optional _c_o_u_n_t argument
          specifies the number of outlines to be drawn.  The default count is
          8.

  The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so
  it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or beginning of
  the bindings sections:

  DDeeffaauullttFFuunnccttiioonn _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
          This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or
          button event is received for which no binding is provided.  This is
          typically bound to ff..nnoopp, ff..bbeeeepp, or a menu containing window
          operations.

  WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
          This variable specifies the function to execute when a window is
          selected from the TTwwmmWWiinnddoowwss menu.  If this variable is not set,
          the window will be deiconified and raised.

BINDINGS

  After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached
  titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons.  Titlebuttons may be added from
  the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-right
  according to the order in which they are specified.  Key and pointer button
  bindings may be given in any order.

  Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in
  the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is
  pressed within them:

       LLeeffttTTiittlleeBBuuttttoonn "_b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e"    = _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n

  or

       RRiigghhttTTiittlleeBBuuttttoonn "_b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e"   = _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n

  The _b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e may refer to one of the  built-in bitmaps (which are scaled
  to match TTiittlleeFFoonnttSSeett) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name
  described above.

  Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must be
  pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what func-
  tion is to be invoked.  Keys are given as strings containing the appropri-
  ate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords BBuuttttoonn11-BBuuttttoonn55:

       "FP1"           = _m_o_d_l_i_s_t : _c_o_n_t_e_x_t : _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
       BBuuttttoonn11 = _m_o_d_l_i_s_t : _c_o_n_t_e_x_t : _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n

  The _m_o_d_l_i_s_t is any combination of the modifier names sshhiifftt, ccoonnttrrooll, lloocckk,
  mmeettaa, mmoodd11, mmoodd22, mmoodd33, mmoodd44, or mmoodd55 (which may be abbreviated as ss, cc, ll,
  mm, mm11, mm22, mm33, mm44, mm55, respectively) separated by a vertical bar (|).
  Similarly, the _c_o_n_t_e_x_t is any combination of wwiinnddooww, ttiittllee, iiccoonn, rroooott,
  ffrraammee, iiccoonnmmggrr, their first letters (iiccoonnmmggrr abbreviation is mm), or aallll,
  separated by a vertical bar.  The _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is any of the ff.. keywords
  described below.  For example, the default startup file contains the
  following bindings:

       Button1 =       : root          : f.menu "TwmWindows"
       Button1 = m     : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
       Button2 = m     : window | icon : f.iconify
       Button3 = m     : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
       Button1 =       : title         : f.function "move-or-raise"
       Button2 =       : title         : f.raiselower
       Button1 =       : icon          : f.function "move-or-iconify"
       Button2 =       : icon          : f.iconify
       Button1 =       : iconmgr       : f.iconify
       Button2 =       : iconmgr       : f.iconify

  A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could
  use the following bindings:

       "F1"            =       : all           : f.iconify
       "F2"            =       : all           : f.raiselower
       "F3"            =       : all           : f.warpring "next"
       "F4"            =       : all           : f.warpto "xmh"
       "F5"            =       : all           : f.warpto "emacs"
       "F6"            =       : all           : f.colormap "next"
       "F7"            =       : all           : f.colormap "default"
       "F20"           =       : all           : f.warptoscreen "next"
       "Left"          = m     : all           : f.backiconmgr
       "Right" = m | s : all           : f.forwiconmgr
       "Up"            = m     : all           : f.upiconmgr
       "Down"  = m | s : all           : f.downiconmgr

  _T_w_m provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be con-
  veniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings.  Although a
  small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NNooDDeeffaauullttss is specified),
  most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key and
  button strokes.  To do this, _t_w_m associates names with each of the primi-
  tives and provides _u_s_e_r-_d_e_f_i_n_e_d _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s for building higher level primi-
  tives and _m_e_n_u_s for interactively selecting among groups of functions.

  User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in
  calls to ff..ffuunnccttiioonn and a list of other functions to execute.  For example:

       Function "move-or-lower"        { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
       Function "move-or-raise"        { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
       Function "move-or-iconify"      { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
       Function "restore-colormap"     { f.colormap "default" f.lower }

  The function name must be used in ff..ffuunnccttiioonn exactly as it appears in the
  function specification.

  In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the
  selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be
  changed to the SSeelleecctt cursor and the next window to receive a button press
  will be chosen:

  !! _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This is an abbreviation for ff..eexxeecc _s_t_r_i_n_g.

  ff..aauuttoorraaiissee
          This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised
          whenever entered by the pointer.  See the description of the vari-
          able AAuuttooRRaaiissee.

  ff..bbaacckkiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the
          current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if neces-
          sary.

  ff..bbeeeepp  This function sounds the keyboard bell.

  ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm
          This function is similar to the ff..ffuullllzzoooomm function, but resizes
          the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.

  ff..cciirrcclleeddoowwnn
          This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another win-
          dow.

  ff..cciirrcclleeuupp
          This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by
          another window.

  ff..ccoolloorrmmaapp _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the
          WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that _t_w_m will display
          when the pointer is in this window.  The argument _s_t_r_i_n_g may have
          one of the following values: ""nneexxtt"", ""pprreevv"", and ""ddeeffaauulltt"".  It
          should be noted here that in general, the installed colormap is
          determined by keyboard focus.  A pointer driven keyboard focus will
          install a private colormap upon entry of the window owning the
          colormap.  Using the click to type model, private colormaps will
          not be installed until the user presses a mouse button on the tar-
          get window.

  ff..ddeeiiccoonniiffyy
          This function deiconifies the selected window.  If the window is
          not an icon, this function does nothing.

  ff..ddeelleettee
          This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected
          window if the client application has requested it through the
          WM_PROTOCOLS window property.  The application is supposed to
          respond to the message by removing the indicated window.  If the
          window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard
          bell will be rung indicating that the user should choose an alter-
          native method.  Note this is very different from f.destroy.  The
          intent here is to delete a single window,  not necessarily the
          entire application.

  ff..ddeellttaassttoopp
          This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the
          pointer has been moved more than _M_o_v_e_D_e_l_t_a pixels.  See the example
          definition given for FFuunnccttiioonn ""mmoovvee--oorr--rraaiissee"" at the beginning of
          the section.

  ff..ddeessttrrooyy
          This function instructs the X server to close the display connec-
          tion of the client that created the selected window.  This should
          only be used as a last resort for shutting down runaway clients.
          See also f.delete.

  ff..ddoowwnniiccoonnmmggrr
          This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon
          manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary.

  ff..eexxeecc _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function passes the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g to /bin/sh for execution.
          In multiscreen mode, if _s_t_r_i_n_g starts a new X client without giving
          a display argument, the client will appear on the screen from which
          this function was invoked.

  ff..ffooccuuss This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the
          selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if
          necessary.  If the selected window already was focused, this
          function executes an ff..uunnffooccuuss.

  ff..ffoorrcceemmoovvee
          This function is like ff..mmoovvee except that it ignores the DDoonnttMMoovveeOOffff
          variable.

  ff..ffoorrwwiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current
          icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if neces-
          sary.

  ff..ffuullllzzoooomm
          This function resizes the selected window to the full size of the
          display or else restores the original size if the window was
          already zoomed.

  ff..ffuunnccttiioonn _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function executes the user-defined function whose name is
          specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g.

  ff..hhbbzzoooomm
          This function is a synonym for ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm.

  ff..hhiiddeeiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function unmaps the current icon manager.

  ff..hhoorriizzoooomm
          This variable is similar to the ff..zzoooomm function except that the
          selected window is resized to the full width of the display.

  ff..hhttzzoooomm
          This function is a synonym for ff..ttooppzzoooomm.

  ff..hhzzoooomm This function is a synonym for ff..hhoorriizzoooomm.

  ff..iiccoonniiffyy
          This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon,
          respectively.

  ff..iiddeennttiiffyy
          This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the
          selected window.  Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the
          window will dismiss it.

  ff..lleeffttiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function similar to ff..bbaacckkiiccoonnmmggrr except that wrapping does
          not change rows.

  ff..lleeffttzzoooomm
          This variable is similar to the ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm function but causes
          the selected window is only resized to the left half of the
          display.

  ff..lloowweerr This function lowers the selected window.

  ff..mmeennuu _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function invokes the menu specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g.
          Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to ff..mmeennuu.

  ff..mmoovvee  This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the
          window itself if the OOppaaqquueeMMoovvee variable is set) until the invoking
          pointer button is released.  Double clicking within the number of
          milliseconds given by CCoonnssttrraaiinneeddMMoovveeTTiimmee warps the pointer to the
          center of the window and constrains the move to be either horizon-
          tal or vertical depending on which grid line is crossed.  To abort
          a move, press another button before releasing the first button.

  ff..nneexxttiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing
          any windows on the current or any succeeding screen.

  ff..nnoopp   This function does nothing and is typically used with the DDeeffaauulltt--
          FFuunnccttiioonn or WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn variables or to introduce blank lines in
          menus.

  ff..pprreevviiccoonnmmggrr
          This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager con-
          taining any windows on the current or preceding screens.

  ff..qquuiitt  This function causes _t_w_m to restore the window's borders and exit.
          If _t_w_m is the first client invoked from _x_d_m, this will result in a
          server reset.

  ff..rraaiissee This function raises the selected window.

  ff..rraaiisseelloowweerr
          This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking
          order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will
          be lowered.

  ff..rreeffrreesshh
          This function causes all windows to be refreshed.

  ff..rreessiizzee
          This function displays an outline of the selected window.  Crossing
          a border (or setting AAuuttooRReellaattiivveeRReessiizzee) will cause the outline to
          begin to rubber band until the invoking button is released.  To
          abort a resize, press another button before releasing the first
          button.

  ff..rreessttaarrtt

          This function kills and restarts _t_w_m.

  ff..rriigghhttiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function is similar to ff..nneexxttiiccoonnmmggrr except that wrapping does
          not change rows.

  ff..rriigghhttzzoooomm
          This variable is similar to the ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm function except that
          the selected window is only resized to the right half of the
          display.

  ff..ssaavveeyyoouurrsseellff
          This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected win-
          dow if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS window pro-
          perty.  Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint
          all state associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND pro-
          perty as specified in the ICCCM.  If the selected window has not
          selected for this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.

  ff..sshhoowwiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function maps the current icon manager.

  ff..ssoorrttiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager
          alphabetically.  See the variable SSoorrttIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr.

  ff..ttiittllee This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu
          definition.  It should not be used in any other context.

  ff..ttooppzzoooomm
          This variable is similar to the ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm function except that
          the selected window is only resized to the top half of the display.

  ff..uunnffooccuuss
          This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven.  This should
          be used when a focused window is no longer desired.

  ff..uuppiiccoonnmmggrr
          This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current
          icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same column if neces-
          sary.

  ff..vvllzzoooomm
          This function is a synonym for ff..lleeffttzzoooomm.

  ff..vvrrzzoooomm
          This function is a synonym for ff..rriigghhttzzoooomm.

  ff..wwaarrpprriinngg _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as
          indicated by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g, which may be ""nneexxtt"" or ""pprreevv"")
          specified in the WWiinnddoowwRRiinngg variable.

  ff..wwaarrppttoo _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or
          class that matches _s_t_r_i_n_g.  If the window is iconified, it will be
          deiconified if the variable WWaarrppUUnnmmaappppeedd is set or else ignored.

  ff..wwaarrppttooiiccoonnmmggrr _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associ-
          ated with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager
          specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g.  If _s_t_r_i_n_g is empty (i.e. ""),
          the current icon manager is chosen.

  ff..wwaarrppttoossccrreeeenn _s_t_r_i_n_g
          This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the
          argument _s_t_r_i_n_g.  _S_t_r_i_n_g may be a number (e.g. ""00"" or ""11""), the
          word ""nneexxtt"" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping over
          any unmanaged screens), the word ""bbaacckk"" (indicating the current
          screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the word
          ""pprreevv"" (indicating the last screen visited.

  ff..wwiinnrreeffrreesshh
          This function is similar to the ff..rreeffrreesshh function except that only
          the selected window is refreshed.

  ff..zzoooomm  This function is similar to the ff..ffuullllzzoooomm function, except that
          the only the height of the selected window is changed.

MENUS

  Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when
  bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a titlebut-
  ton) menus.  Each menu specification contains the name of the menu as it
  will be referred to by ff..mmeennuu, optional default foreground and background
  colors, the list of item names and the functions they should invoke, and




  optional foreground and background colors for individual items:

       MMeennuu "_m_e_n_u_n_a_m_e" [ ("_d_e_f_f_o_r_e":"_d_e_f_b_a_c_k") ]
       {
               _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 [ ("_f_o_r_e_1":"_b_a_c_k_n")]    _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_1
               _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 [ ("_f_o_r_e_2":"_b_a_c_k_n")]    _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_2
                       .
                       .
                       .
               _s_t_r_i_n_g_N [ ("_f_o_r_e_N":"_b_a_c_k_N")]    _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_N
       }


  The _m_e_n_u_n_a_m_e is case-sensitive.  The optional _d_e_f_f_o_r_e and _d_e_f_b_a_c_k arguments
  specify the foreground and background colors used on a color display to
  highlight menu entries.  The _s_t_r_i_n_g portion of each menu entry will be the
  text which will appear in the menu.  The optional _f_o_r_e and _b_a_c_k arguments
  specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the
  pointer is not in the entry.  These colors will only be used on a color
  display.  The default is to use the colors specified by the MMeennuuFFoorreeggrroouunndd
  and MMeennuuBBaacckkggrroouunndd variables.  The _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n portion of the menu entry is
  one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional
  menus.

  There is a special menu named TTwwmmWWiinnddoowwss which contains the names of all of
  the client and _t_w_m-supplied windows.  Selecting an entry will cause the
  WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn to be executed on that window.  If WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn hasn't
  been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

ICONS
  _T_w_m supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows.  The
  common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automatically
  arranged as described by the IIccoonnRReeggiioonn variable.  In addition, a terse
  grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use
  of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among windows from the
  keyboard.

  An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all windows
  currently on the display.  In addition to the window name, a small button
  using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name
  when the window is iconified.  By default, clicking on an entry in the icon
  manager performs ff..iiccoonniiffyy.  To change the actions taken in the icon
  manager, use the the iiccoonnmmggrr context when specifying button and keyboard
  bindings.

  Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the
  indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic
  events NNooTTiittlleeFFooccuuss is set).  Using the ff..uuppiiccoonnmmggrr, ff..ddoowwnniiccoonnmmggrr
  ff..lleeffttiiccoonnmmggrr, and ff..rriigghhttiiccoonnmmggrr functions, the input focus can be changed
  between windows directly from the keyboard.

BUGS
  The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window
  lists.

  The IIccoonnRReeggiioonn variable should take a list.

  Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will some-
  times cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved.

  If IIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg is on and windows are listed in IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww
  but not in DDoonnttIIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg, they may be lost if they are iconified
  and no bindings to ff..mmeennuu ""TTwwmmWWiinnddoowwss"" or ff..wwaarrppttoo are setup.



FILES

   $HOME/$LANG(full-name)/.twmrc.<screen number>
   $HOME/$LANG(full-name)/.twmrc
   $HOME/$LANG(non-codeset)/.twmrc.<screen number>
   $HOME/$LANG(non-codeset)/.twmrc
   $HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
   $HOME/.twmrc
   /usr/lib/X11/$LANG(full-name)/twm/system.twmrc
   /usr/lib/X11/$LANG(non-codeset)/twm/system.twmrc
   /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

  DDIISSPPLLAAYY This variable is used to determine which X server to use.  It is
          also set during ff..eexxeecc so that programs come up on the proper
          screen.

  HHOOMMEE    This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a
          tilde and for locating the _t_w_m startup file.

  LLAANNGG    This variable is used for searching the _t_w_m startup file. This
          variable means predefined setting for locale, and has a style of
          lang_territory.codeset.

SEE ALSO

  X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)

COPYRIGHT
  Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation; portions
  copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and the Massachusetts Institute of
  Technology,  See _X(_1) for a full statement of rights and permissions.

AUTHORS
  Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve
  Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Stern-
  licht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.


































